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== Welcome to SaltWiki ==


SaltWiki is intended to share current specialist information on salts, damages caused by salts and dealing with salt damage. You are welcome to contribute to this joint venture and to collaborate in compiling SaltWiki as an [[special:contact|author]]. Information about the project you find [[About the project|here]].
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After completing the DFG project, the research group has founded [http://81.169.173.189/sik/pages/salzwiki-projekt.php the association SIK] who has been committed to update the contents. The Hornemann Institute of the HAWK is responsible for the technical and graphical maintenance of the portal.
In order to better tailor SaltWiki to your needs, we would like to ask you to participate in a short survey.
 
Thanks for your support.<br>  [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSevGN4oraKDH0n1qPMcgChZP5yCKPZx79KPQDnmwrHjdEPpgg/viewform?usp=sf_link to the survey]}} -->
 
<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:SA101 1.jpeg| ''Gypsum crystals''
Image:Salzwedel 17012007 (145).jpg| ''salt efflorescence on a brick''
Image:Koel 200607-03 (5).JPG| ''thin section''
Image:Kop-Alveolar 1.JPG| ''Alveolar Weathering''
Image:Oxalat Kristalle Musterplatte.jpg| ''Oxalate crystals''
Image:NaCl 27.4.2006-10x (2).JPG| '' NaCl crystals on microscope slides''
</gallery>
 
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SaltWiki is an [https://www.saltwiki.net/index.php/Editorial_Board editorially] maintained specialist website with German and English information on the following topics:
* Salts
* Damage caused by salts
* Dealing with salt damage
 
Among other things, this information will help you to understand expert opinions or to plan measures.
 
Become an [https://www.saltwiki.net/index.php/Author_Registration author] and share your knowledge or support this worldwide transfer of knowledge by becoming a member of the [http://81.169.173.189/sik/pages/salzwiki-projekt.php Salze im Kulturgut (SIK)] association, which is a [https://www.saltwiki.net/index.php/About_the_project research association].
 
A support of the [https://www.saltwiki.net/index.php/About_the_project Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)] enabled the realization at the Hornemann Institute of the [https://hornemann-institut.hawk.de/de HAWK] in Hildesheim until 2012.
 
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<h3 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 152, 191); margin: 1px; padding: 2px; background: rgb(216, 232, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; font-size: 120%;">[[Literature and Programs|Literature and Software]]</h3>  
*[[Fulltext Literature]]
*[[:category:fulltext|Literature as PDF File]]
*[[Poster]]
*[[Poster]]
*[[Software]]
*[[Software]]
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== News ==


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[[File:2023-01-13 Salzloesungen MeldungEggert Foto Heiner-Grie VesteCoburg-1205x800.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Abb.1: Here, saturated salt solutions are still used for climate control: Exhibition of sensitive glassware at the Veste Coburg, bottom compartment for salt solutions opened for the photo. © Heiner Grieb, Veste]]
 
===Salts in display cases===
 
'''Brief insight:'''
The display cases in museums usually have a defined relative humidity in order to create optimal climatic conditions for exhibited objects. This can be influenced by various methods. These include electrical air conditioning devices, humidity buffers but also saturated salt solutions.
 
'''Literature:''' <br>
Eggert, G.: Saturated salt solutions in showcases: humidity control and pollutant absorption. Heritage Science, 10 (53) ('''2022'''). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00689-3 <br>
Waller C.: Materialien und Geräte zur Klimatisierung von Vitrinen und Depotschränken: 2.4 Salzlösungen,('''2022''') http://www.cwaller.de/deutsch.htm?teil2.htm~information
 
'''Looking for authors :'''
Do you have any experience in the field of [[salts in display cases]]? If so, you can write a text or add new information and send it to '''info.salzwiki@gmail.com.''' We will then complete the article so it is available for all of our users!
 
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<h3 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 152, 191); margin: 1px; padding: 2px; background: rgb(216, 232, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; font-size: 120%;">Events</h3>
 
===SWBSS ASIA 2023  on September 20-22, 2023 in Nara, Japan===


'''[[SWBSS 2017]]'''


The German assoziation of scientists “Salze im Kulturgut e.V.”  together with KIK-IRPA (Brussels) is pleased to announce that the Forth International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures (SWBSS) will be held in Potsdam (Germany)
SWBSS is the conference series “Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures”, started in 2008. The conference aims at bringing together conservators, restorers, engineers, architects, academics, students and experienced researchers and to contribute thereby to the promotion of research and development within the field of salt weathering of porous materials.


'''20 - 22 September  2017'''      at  the University of Applied Sciences Potsdam (FHP).
Its previous series were held in Copenhagen (2008), Limassol (2011), Brussel (2014), Potsdam (2017), and Delft (2021). An idea of SWBSS ASIA as the conference series to be held in Asian countries was proposed at Potsdam in 2017 and its first meeting, SWBSS ASIA 2023, was announced at Delft in 2021. SWBSS ASIA 2023 was held at Nara, Japan, on September 20-22, 2023.


The '''proceedings of the conference''' you will find [[https://repository.hawk-hhg.de/index.php/File:SWBSS_ASIA_2023_Proceedings.pdf#Summary here]].
<!--
===CRYSPOM VIII / 13-15 June 2023 in Ghent (Belgium)===
{{Klappbox|The Biannual International workshop Crystallization in Porous Media CRYSPOM focuses on fundamental research of crystallization in porous materials. It unites researchers from geoengineering, geology, physics, chemistry, mechanics and conservation interested in crystal nucleation, growth and transport in porous media and its related consequences.|2=  The idea is to bring together leading researchers and Ph.D. students to provide for a constructive and open dialogue. Also, it seeks to incite collaborations between theorists, modelists and experimentalists on an international level.


The conference aims to bring together conservators, restorers, engineers, architects, academics, students and experienced researchers and hence contributes to the promotion of research and development within the field of salt weathering of porous materials. The main topics will be
CRYSPOM results from a long-standing tradition. The workshop was founded by Prof. Noushine Shahidzadeh in 2008 in Paris, and subsequently took place in Brienz (Switzerland, 2010), Troia (Portugal, 2012), Amsterdam (The Netherlands, 2014), Toulouse (France, 2016), Hamburg (Germany, 2018) and Pau (France 2021).  
}}


*Environmental aspects related to salt sources
===Workshop "Damaging salts in objects of cultural and architectural heritage"===
*Transport phenomena and salt crystallisation
*Measurement techniques
*Desalination techniques
*Conservation issues
*Case studies


You can find up-to-date information at [http://swbss2017.ri-con.net/ the conference website]
'''September 11-15, 2023, Kartause Mauerbach near Vienna '''
{{Klappbox|INITIAL NOTICE WITH INVITATION TO REGISTRATION  |2= Soluble salts are a serious threat to the existence of numerous objects of architectural heritage and cultural assets. The basis for the professional planning of measures is a fundamental understanding of the responsible damage factors and processes, which relates the latest scientific findings to the problems in practice. While specialist conferences and publications largely illuminate partial aspects of the topic, this workshop aims to provide first-hand basic knowledge of the behavior of soluble salts and the practical handling of object-specific analysis data in the concentrated working atmosphere of a three-day event. Although this usually does not mean that the problem has been solved, it is an essential prerequisite for planning suitable measures. The event consists of the 3-day workshop (module 1), which is followed by an all-day lecture event for a larger group of participants (module 2) and a day of excursions in Vienna (module 3). These modules can be booked together or individually.  


The proceedings of the conference are available for [http://repository.hawk-hhg.de/index.php/file:SWBSS_2017_Proceedings.pdf Download]
You can find more information [[https://repository.hawk-hhg.de/images/c/ca/Ank%C3%BCndigung_Salzworkshop_2023-Mauerbach.pdf here]].
}}


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The proceedings of the 3<sup>rd</sup> International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures (SWBSS 2014), 14<sup>th</sup>—16<sup>th</sup> October 2014 in Brussels, Belgium, are [[SWBSS2014_Proceedings|here]] available.
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The conference papers of the 12<sup>th</sup> International Conference on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone to be held at Columbia University in the City of New York on the 22<sup>nd</sup>—26<sup>th</sup> October 2012 are [http://iscs.icomos.org/cong-12.html here] available.
'''Amelie Stahlbuhk; Michael Steiger (2024)''': Damage potential and supersaturation of nitrates relevant to salt damage of porous building materials. In: Construction and Building Materials, 419 (), 135413, Webadresse, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135413


[[:file:PhD-Gupta-2013.pdf| Sonia Gupta (2013)]]: Sodium chloride crystallization in drying porous media: influence of inhibitor. PhD Thesis, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
'''Encarnación Ruiz-Agudo; Aurelia Ibañez-Velasco; Cristina Ruiz-Agudo; Sarah Bonilla-Correa; Kerstin Elert; Carlos Rodríguez-Navarro (2024)''': Damage of porous building stone by sodium carbonate crystallization and the effect of crystallization modifiers. In: Construction and Building Materials, 411 (), 134591, Webadresse, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134591


Grevel, Klaus-Dieter; Majzla, Juraj ;  Benisek, Artur ;  Dachs, Edgar ;  Steiger, Michael ;  Fortes, A. Dominic; Marler, Bernd  (2012): Experimentally Determined Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Synthetic MgSO4·4H2O (Starkeyite) and MgSO4·3H2O: A Revised Internally Consistent Thermodynamic Data Set for Magnesium Sulfate Hydrates. Astrobiology, 12 (11), http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ast.2012.0823, DOI: 10.1089/ast.2012.0823.
'''Masaru Abuku and Nobumitsu Takatori (Eds) (2023):''' Proceedings of SWBSS ASIA 2023. First International Conference in Asia on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties Nara, Japan September 20-22, 2023, [https://repository.hawk-hhg.de/index.php/File:SWBSS_ASIA_2023_Proceedings.pdf#Summary link to the proceedings]


Clercq, Hilde; Jovanović, Maja; Linnow, Kirsten; Steiger, Michael (2012): Performance of limestones laden with mixed salt solutions of Na2SO4–NaNO3 and Na2SO4–K2SO4. Environmental Earth Sciences, (), 1-11,  http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-2017-0, DOI: 10.1007/s12665-012-2017-0.
'''Godts, S., Orr, S.A., Steiger, M. et al.''' Salt mixtures in stone weathering. Sci Rep 13, 13306 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40590-y


Linnow, Kirsten; Steiger, Michael; Lemster, Christine; Clercq, Hilde; Jovanović, Maja (2012): In situ Raman observation of the crystallization in NaNO3–Na2SO4–H2O solution droplets. Environmental Earth Sciences,  (), 1-12,  http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1997-0, DOI: 10.1007/s12665-012-1997-0.
'''Godts, S.; Steiger, M.; Orr, S.A.; Stahlbuhk, A.; Desarnaud, J.; De Clercq, H.; Cnudde, V.; De Kock''', T. Modeling Salt Behavior with ECOS/RUNSALT: Terminology, Methodology, Limitations, and Solutions. Heritage ( 2022) 5, 3648-3663. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040190


Saidow, Tamerlan Adamovich (2012): Sodium sulfate heptahydrate in weathering phenomena of porous materials. phd-trhesis, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven,URL: http://www.phys.tue.nl/nfcmr/PhD-Saidov-2012.pdf.
'''Lubelli''', B., Rörig-Daalgard, I., Aguilar, A.M. et al. Recommendation of RILEM TC 271-ASC: New accelerated test procedure for the assessment of resistance of natural stone and fired-clay brick units against salt crystallization. Mater Struct 56, 101 ('''2023'''). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-023-02158-0


[[:File:2012-CryspomIII-abstracts.pdf|Pel, Leo; Gonçalves, Teresa Diaz (Hrsg.) (2012)]]: Abstracts and programm of the workshop CRYSPOM III, Crystallization in Porous Materials, in Tróia Portugal,4-7 September 2012, URL: http://www.phys.tue.nl/nfcmr/cryspom/cryspommain.html
'''Eggert''', G.: Saturated salt solutions in showcases: humidity control and pollutant absorption. Heritage Science, 10 (53) ('''2022'''). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00689-3


[http://www.springerlink.com/content/f465188747250628/ Kamran, Kashif; Pel, Leo; Sawdy, Alison; Huinink, Henk; Kopinga, Klaas (2012)]: Desalination of porous building materials by electrokinetics: an NMR study. Materials and Structures, 45 (1), 297-308.  
'''Germinario''', L.; Oguchi, C.T.: Gypsum, mirabilite, and thenardite efflorescences of tuff stone in the underground environment. Environ Earth Sci 81, 242 '''(2022'''). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10344-6: Link to PDF: https://rdcu.be/cZdVP


[http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/732567.pdf Kamran,Kashif (2012)]: Electrokinetic desalination of porous building materials. PhD Thesis, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
'''Godts''', S.; Steiger, M.; Orr, S.A. et al.: Charge balance calculations for mixed salt systems applied to a large dataset from the built environment. Sci Data 9, 324 ('''2022'''). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01445-9. Link to PDF: https://rdcu.be/cZdWY


Under [[SWBSS2011]] you will find the compilation of the contributions of the international conference SWBSS 2011 - Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculptures in Limassol, Cyprus. Many of them are available as full text.
'''Eggert''', G., Fischer, A. (2021): The formation of formates: a review of metal formates on heritage objects. Herit Sci 9, 26 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00499-z


[[:file:PhD-Voronina-2011.pdf| Victoria Voronina (2011)]]: Salt extraction by poulticing : an NMR study, PhD-Thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, 114 p.
'''Shen''', Y. Linnow, K. and Steiger, M.: Crystallization Behavior and Damage Potential of Na2SO4–NaCl Mixtures in Porous Building Materials: Cryst. Growth Des. 2020, 20, 9, 5974–5985, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.0c00671


[http://www.heritageportal.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=761%3Aclimate-change-will-affect-salt-damage-to-stone-buildings&catid=1%3Alatest-news&Itemid=637&lang=de C.M. Grossia, P. Brimblecombea, B. Menéndezb, D. Benaventec, I. Harrisd and M. Déquée] (2011): Climatology of salt transitions and implications for stone weathering, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 409, Issue 13, 1 June 2011, Pages 2577-2585, ISSN 0048-9697, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.03.029
'''Granneman''', S.J.C.; Lubelli, B.; van Hees, R.P.J.: Effect of mixed in crystallization modifiers on the resistance of lime mortar against NaCl and Na2SO4 crystallization. Construction and Building Materials , vol.194, S.62-70, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.006


[http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/handle/10088/16617 Charola, A. Elena, Christopher McNamara, and Robert J. Koestler (editors)]: Biocolonization of Stone: Control and Preventative Methods, Proceedings from the MCI Workshop Series. Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation, number 2, 116 pages, 87 figures, 5 tables, 2011, URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10088/16617
'''Andreotti''', S.; Franzoni, E.; Ruiz-Agudo, E.; Scherer, G.W.; Fabbri, P.; Sassoni, E.; Rodriguez-Navarro, C.: New polymer-based treatments for the prevention of damage by salt crystallization in stone. Materials , 52 (17), Webadresse, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-018-1309-6


[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V66-52H3RXJ-4/2/69fe97219ff64eea4a131436ad76a3d0 Michael Steiger, Kirsten Linnow, Dorothee Ehrhardt, Mandy Rohde(2011)]: Decomposition reactions of magnesium sulfate hydrates and phase equilibria in the MgSO4-H2O and Na+-Mg2+-Cl--SO42--H2O systems with implications for Mars, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 30 March 2011, ISSN 0016-7037, DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2011.03.038.
'''Sögütoglu''', L.; Steiger, M.; Houben, J.; Biemans, D.; Fischer, H.R.; Donkers, P.; Huinink, H.; and Adan, O.: Understanding the Hydration Process of Salts: The Impact of a Nucleation Barrier, Cryst. Growth Des., Article ASAP, DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.8b01908, Publication Date (Web): February 14, 2019, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.8b01908


|
'''Vazquez''', P.; Thomachot-Schneider, C.; Mouhoubi, K.; Bodnar, J-L.; Avdelidis, N. P.; Charles, D.; Benavente, D. Sodium sulfate crystallisation monitoring using IR Thermography (2018): Infrared Physics & Technology
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Volume 89, March 2018, Pages 231-241,  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2018.01.011, http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/12944
<h3 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(136, 152, 191); margin: 1px; padding: 2px; background: rgb(216, 232, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; font-size: 120%;">Other</h3>


If you are interested in writing an article or making an English version of an article already published in the German SalzWiki please [[special:contact|contact]] us.
Especially native speakers are invited to join the SaltWiki-Team.


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'''Looking for authors:'''
<br/>If you are interested in writing an article or making an English version of an article already published in the German SalzWiki please [[https://www.saltwiki.net/index.php/Special:Contact contact]] us.
|}
|}


[[category: Overview]]
[[category: Overview]]

Latest revision as of 12:40, 7 March 2024


Welcome to SaltWiki

SaltWiki is an editorially maintained specialist website with German and English information on the following topics:

  • Salts
  • Damage caused by salts
  • Dealing with salt damage

Among other things, this information will help you to understand expert opinions or to plan measures.

Become an author and share your knowledge or support this worldwide transfer of knowledge by becoming a member of the Salze im Kulturgut (SIK) association, which is a research association.

A support of the Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) enabled the realization at the Hornemann Institute of the HAWK in Hildesheim until 2012.

Fundamentals

Conservation Measures

Methods

Salt Data

Deterioration Patterns

Literature and Software



Theme of the quarter

Abb.1: Here, saturated salt solutions are still used for climate control: Exhibition of sensitive glassware at the Veste Coburg, bottom compartment for salt solutions opened for the photo. © Heiner Grieb, Veste

Salts in display cases[edit]

Brief insight: The display cases in museums usually have a defined relative humidity in order to create optimal climatic conditions for exhibited objects. This can be influenced by various methods. These include electrical air conditioning devices, humidity buffers but also saturated salt solutions.

Literature:
Eggert, G.: Saturated salt solutions in showcases: humidity control and pollutant absorption. Heritage Science, 10 (53) (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00689-3
Waller C.: Materialien und Geräte zur Klimatisierung von Vitrinen und Depotschränken: 2.4 Salzlösungen,(2022) http://www.cwaller.de/deutsch.htm?teil2.htm~information

Looking for authors : Do you have any experience in the field of salts in display cases? If so, you can write a text or add new information and send it to info.salzwiki@gmail.com. We will then complete the article so it is available for all of our users!


Events

SWBSS ASIA 2023 on September 20-22, 2023 in Nara, Japan[edit]

SWBSS is the conference series “Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures”, started in 2008. The conference aims at bringing together conservators, restorers, engineers, architects, academics, students and experienced researchers and to contribute thereby to the promotion of research and development within the field of salt weathering of porous materials.

Its previous series were held in Copenhagen (2008), Limassol (2011), Brussel (2014), Potsdam (2017), and Delft (2021). An idea of SWBSS ASIA as the conference series to be held in Asian countries was proposed at Potsdam in 2017 and its first meeting, SWBSS ASIA 2023, was announced at Delft in 2021. SWBSS ASIA 2023 was held at Nara, Japan, on September 20-22, 2023.

The proceedings of the conference you will find [here].

Literature

Amelie Stahlbuhk; Michael Steiger (2024): Damage potential and supersaturation of nitrates relevant to salt damage of porous building materials. In: Construction and Building Materials, 419 (), 135413, Webadresse, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135413

Encarnación Ruiz-Agudo; Aurelia Ibañez-Velasco; Cristina Ruiz-Agudo; Sarah Bonilla-Correa; Kerstin Elert; Carlos Rodríguez-Navarro (2024): Damage of porous building stone by sodium carbonate crystallization and the effect of crystallization modifiers. In: Construction and Building Materials, 411 (), 134591, Webadresse, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134591

Masaru Abuku and Nobumitsu Takatori (Eds) (2023): Proceedings of SWBSS ASIA 2023. First International Conference in Asia on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures, Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties Nara, Japan September 20-22, 2023, link to the proceedings

Godts, S., Orr, S.A., Steiger, M. et al. Salt mixtures in stone weathering. Sci Rep 13, 13306 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40590-y

Godts, S.; Steiger, M.; Orr, S.A.; Stahlbuhk, A.; Desarnaud, J.; De Clercq, H.; Cnudde, V.; De Kock, T. Modeling Salt Behavior with ECOS/RUNSALT: Terminology, Methodology, Limitations, and Solutions. Heritage ( 2022) 5, 3648-3663. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040190

Lubelli, B., Rörig-Daalgard, I., Aguilar, A.M. et al. Recommendation of RILEM TC 271-ASC: New accelerated test procedure for the assessment of resistance of natural stone and fired-clay brick units against salt crystallization. Mater Struct 56, 101 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-023-02158-0

Eggert, G.: Saturated salt solutions in showcases: humidity control and pollutant absorption. Heritage Science, 10 (53) (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00689-3

Germinario, L.; Oguchi, C.T.: Gypsum, mirabilite, and thenardite efflorescences of tuff stone in the underground environment. Environ Earth Sci 81, 242 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10344-6: Link to PDF: https://rdcu.be/cZdVP

Godts, S.; Steiger, M.; Orr, S.A. et al.: Charge balance calculations for mixed salt systems applied to a large dataset from the built environment. Sci Data 9, 324 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01445-9. Link to PDF: https://rdcu.be/cZdWY

Eggert, G., Fischer, A. (2021): The formation of formates: a review of metal formates on heritage objects. Herit Sci 9, 26 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00499-z

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