Analysis of Salts: Difference between revisions

From Saltwiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(10 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
Author: [[user:Hschwarz|Hans-Jürgen Schwarz]]
Author: [[user:Hschwarz|Hans-Jürgen Schwarz]]
<br> <br>  
<br> <br>  
Line 17: Line 16:
Micro-chemical testing allows to identify salts in very small samples. The micro-chemical salt analysis is based on the detection of individual ions in more or less concentrated aqueous solutions. The salts are identified via the reaction products that can be observed with a microscope at magnifications up to 100 times. The method can be used on site.
Micro-chemical testing allows to identify salts in very small samples. The micro-chemical salt analysis is based on the detection of individual ions in more or less concentrated aqueous solutions. The salts are identified via the reaction products that can be observed with a microscope at magnifications up to 100 times. The method can be used on site.


== [[X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)]]  ==
==Instrumental Analysis==
 
=== [[X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)]]  ===
 
 
 
=== [[Atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS)]]  ===
 
 
 
=== [[Inductive coupled plasma (ICP)]]  ===
 


XRD analysis allows both qualitative and quantitative salt analyses. When X-rays impinge on a crystalline material a series of "reflections" are produced that are characteristic for each phase, similar to a "fingerprint". It is a laboratory method and requires small samples or even very small ones if using special sample holders.


== [[Atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS)]]  ==
=== [[Ion chromatography (IC)]]  ===


Atomic absorption spectroscopy<ref> http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy&oldid=442584569</ref> is a method that allows rapid and accurate quantitative determinations of many elements. Since the method relies on the specific energy absorption by free atoms, it can usually be used without prior separation or isolation steps of other elements present in the sample. The quantity of sample needed for analysis is low. Element concentrations of a millionth (ppm) or one billionth part (ppb) of the sample can be detected.
<!--PD  Fotos aus Wikipedia einbauern-->


== [[Inductive coupled plasma (ICP)]]  ==


An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is a type of plasma source in which the energy is supplied by electric currents which are produced by electromagnetic induction, that is, by time-varying magnetic fields.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma&oldid=442486619</ref><ref>http://www.cee.vt.edu/ewr/environmental/teach/smprimer/icp/icp.html</ref> It is used e.g., in atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) or in mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The inductively coupled plasma uses in a the high-frequency field (27 MHz) ionized gas (argon), which serves as an atomization and excitation medium for the sample. It can be used to detect very low concentrations of the analysed elements in the order of one millionth (ppm) or one billionth part (ppb) in the sample.
=== [[Photometry]]  ===


== [[Ion chromatography (IC)]]  ==


Ion chromatography (or ion-exchange chromatography) is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their charge.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion_chromatography&oldid=440799400</ref> It is a process for the separation of substances, and these are differently distributed between a stationary and a mobile phase. In ion chromatography, the ions bound to the stationary phase are later released by an eluent in the mobile phase. Quantification is achieved using a suitable detector. Using specific columns, both anions and cations are determined quatitativly in low concentrations.


<!--
=== [[IR - Spectroscopy]]  ===
== [[Photometry]]  ==


The basic principle of photometry is to produce a colored or light-absorbing solution. The ion to be determined or element is incorporated into a stable, colored and soluble compound or transferred, or it triggers a color reaction and controls it. With a photometer the absorption of monochromatic radiation through the solution is  measured. Quantitative analysis of anions and cations in a sufficient accuracy is possible.<br>
-->


<br> <!--
=== [[Raman - Spectroscopy]] ===
== [[IR-Spektroskopie]] ==


== [[Raman-Spektroskopie]] ==


== [[Rasterelektronenmikroskopie]] (REM)  ==
=== [[Scanning Electron Microscopy]] (SEM)  ===


== [[Weitere Methoden]]  ==


-->
=== [[Other Methods]]  ===


== Literature  ==
== Literature  ==
Line 59: Line 57:




[[Category:Schwarz,Hans-Jürgen]][[Category:Investigation Methods]][[Category:Salt Analysis]] [[Category:R-MSteiger]] [[Category: complete]]
[[Category:Schwarz,Hans-Jürgen]][[Category:Investigation Methods]][[Category:Salt Analysis]] [[Category:R-MSteiger]] [[Category: approved]]

Latest revision as of 16:12, 17 December 2013

Author: Hans-Jürgen Schwarz

back to Saltwiki:community_portal

Abstract[edit]

To determine the presence of a salt or visible damage from it, a wide variety of analytical methods are used. Methods presented here may allow a qualitative determination of individual ions or salt phasesa and/or quantitative determination of the salt-forming ions. The fundamental principle of each method, its application and advantages are briefly outlined.

Polarized light microscopy[edit]

With the help of a polarizing microscope, the various salts present can be identified through their optical properties. This includes in particular the study of the birefringence and light refraction of the salts. The polarizing microscope differs from a regular microscope in that it has two polarizers - the polarizer and the analyzer. The analyzer is used to recognize the optical properties of a salt by the change of the linearly polarized light due to the salt.

Micro-chemical testing[edit]

Micro-chemical testing allows to identify salts in very small samples. The micro-chemical salt analysis is based on the detection of individual ions in more or less concentrated aqueous solutions. The salts are identified via the reaction products that can be observed with a microscope at magnifications up to 100 times. The method can be used on site.

Instrumental Analysis[edit]

X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)[edit]

Atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS)[edit]

Inductive coupled plasma (ICP)[edit]

Ion chromatography (IC)[edit]

Photometry[edit]

IR - Spectroscopy[edit]

Raman - Spectroscopy[edit]

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)[edit]

Other Methods[edit]

Literature[edit]

Weblinks[edit]

the mathematical difference between the largest and smallest refractive index for an anisotropic mineral

Scanning Electron Microscope

Retrieved from "https://saltwiki.net/index.php?title=Analysis_of_Salts&oldid=5873"