Analysis of Salts: Difference between revisions

From Saltwiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(24 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
<bibimport/>
Author: [[user:Hschwarz|Hans-Jürgen Schwarz]]
Author: [[user:Hschwarz|Hans-Jürgen Schwarz]]
<br> <br>  
<br> <br>  
Line 7: Line 6:
== Abstract  ==
== Abstract  ==


To determine the presence of a salt load or visible salt damage, a wide variety of analytical methods are used. Methods presented here may allow a quantitative determination of the salt-forming ions, or at least a qualitative determination of individual ions or salt phases. The measuring principle, the application and the advantages of each method are briefly outlined.
To determine the presence of a salt or visible damage from it, a wide variety of analytical methods are used. Methods presented here may allow a qualitative determination of individual ions or salt phasesa and/or quantitative determination of the salt-forming ions. The fundamental principle of each method, its application and advantages are briefly outlined.


== [[Polarized light microscopy]]  ==
== [[Polarized light microscopy]]  ==


With the help of the polarizing microscope, the various salts are determined based on their optical properties. This includes in particular the study of the birefringence and light refraction of the salts. Compared to normal by light microscopy the polarizing microscope has two polarizers - the polarizer and the analyzer. The analyzer is used to  recognize the optical properties of a salt by the change of the linearly polarized light due to the salt.
With the help of a polarizing microscope, the various salts present can be identified through their optical properties. This includes in particular the study of the birefringence and light refraction of the salts. The polarizing microscope differs from a regular microscope in that it has two polarizers - the polarizer and the analyzer. The analyzer is used to  recognize the optical properties of a salt by the change of the linearly polarized light due to the salt.


== [[Micro-chemical testing]]  ==
== [[Micro-chemical testing]]  ==
Line 17: Line 16:
Micro-chemical testing allows to identify salts in very small samples. The micro-chemical salt analysis is based on the detection of individual ions in more or less concentrated aqueous solutions. The salts are identified via the reaction products that can be observed with a microscope at magnifications up to 100 times. The method can be used on site.
Micro-chemical testing allows to identify salts in very small samples. The micro-chemical salt analysis is based on the detection of individual ions in more or less concentrated aqueous solutions. The salts are identified via the reaction products that can be observed with a microscope at magnifications up to 100 times. The method can be used on site.


== [[X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)]]  ==
==Instrumental Analysis==


With the XRD analysis, qualitative and quantitative salt analyses are carried out. When X-rays hit a crystalline material a series of "reflections" are produces which are characteristic for each phase like a "fingerprint". It is a laboratory method and the amount of the sample can be quite small with special sample holders.
=== [[X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)]]  ===


== [[Atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS)]]  ==


The atomic absorption spectroscopy<ref> http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy&oldid=442584569</ref> is a method that allows rapid and accurate quantitative determinations of many elements. Since the method relies on the energy absorption by free atoms, it can usually be used without prior separation or isolation steps of other elements present in the sample. The quantity of sample needed for analysis is low. Element concentrations of a millionth (ppm) or one billionth part (ppb) of the sample can be detected.
<!--PD  Fotos aus Wikipedia einbauern-->


== [[Inductive coupled plasma (ICP)]]  ==
=== [[Atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS)]]  ===


An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is a type of plasma source in which the energy is supplied by electric currents which are produced by electromagnetic induction, that is, by time-varying magnetic fields.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma&oldid=442486619</ref><ref>http://www.cee.vt.edu/ewr/environmental/teach/smprimer/icp/icp.html</ref> It is used e.g. in atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) or in mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The inductively coupled plasma uses in a the high-frequency field (27 MHz) ionized gas (argon), which serves as an atomization and excitation medium for the sample. It can be used to detect very low concentrations of the analysed elements in the order of one millionth (ppm) or one billionth part (ppb) in the sample.


== [[Ion chromatography (IC)]]  ==


Ion chromatography (or ion-exchange chromatography) is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their charge.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion_chromatography&oldid=440799400</ref> It is a process for the separation of substances, and these are differently distributed between a stationary and a mobile phase. In ion chromatography, the ions bound to the stationary phase are later released by an eluent in the mobile phase. Quantification is achieved using a suitable detector. Using specific columns, both anions and cations are determined quatitativly in low concentrations.
=== [[Inductive coupled plasma (ICP)]]  ===


== [[Photometry]]  ==


The basic principle of photometry is to produce a colored or light-absorbing solution. The ion to be determined or element is incorporated into a stable, colored and soluble compound or transferred, or it triggers a reaction and color controls. With a photometer  the absorption of monochromatic radiation through the solution is  measured. Quantitative analysis of anions and cations in a sufficient accuracy is possible.<br>


<br> <!--
=== [[Ion chromatography (IC)]]  ===
== [[IR-Spektroskopie]]  ==


== [[Raman-Spektroskopie]] ==


== [[Rasterelektronenmikroskopie]] (REM)  ==


== [[Weitere Methoden]]  ==
=== [[Photometry]]  ===


-->
 
 
=== [[IR - Spectroscopy]]  ===
 
 
=== [[Raman - Spectroscopy]] ===
 
 
=== [[Scanning Electron Microscopy]] (SEM)  ===
 
 
=== [[Other Methods]]  ===


== Literature  ==
== Literature  ==
Line 57: Line 57:




[[Category:Hschwarz]][[Category:Investigation Methods]][[Category:Salt Analysis]] [[Category:R-MSteiger]] [[Category:complete]]
[[Category:Schwarz,Hans-Jürgen]][[Category:Investigation Methods]][[Category:Salt Analysis]] [[Category:R-MSteiger]] [[Category: approved]]

Latest revision as of 16:12, 17 December 2013

Author: Hans-Jürgen Schwarz

back to Saltwiki:community_portal

Abstract[edit]

To determine the presence of a salt or visible damage from it, a wide variety of analytical methods are used. Methods presented here may allow a qualitative determination of individual ions or salt phasesa and/or quantitative determination of the salt-forming ions. The fundamental principle of each method, its application and advantages are briefly outlined.

Polarized light microscopy[edit]

With the help of a polarizing microscope, the various salts present can be identified through their optical properties. This includes in particular the study of the birefringence and light refraction of the salts. The polarizing microscope differs from a regular microscope in that it has two polarizers - the polarizer and the analyzer. The analyzer is used to recognize the optical properties of a salt by the change of the linearly polarized light due to the salt.

Micro-chemical testing[edit]

Micro-chemical testing allows to identify salts in very small samples. The micro-chemical salt analysis is based on the detection of individual ions in more or less concentrated aqueous solutions. The salts are identified via the reaction products that can be observed with a microscope at magnifications up to 100 times. The method can be used on site.

Instrumental Analysis[edit]

X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)[edit]

Atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS)[edit]

Inductive coupled plasma (ICP)[edit]

Ion chromatography (IC)[edit]

Photometry[edit]

IR - Spectroscopy[edit]

Raman - Spectroscopy[edit]

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)[edit]

Other Methods[edit]

Literature[edit]

Weblinks[edit]