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=== Mathematische Formeln darstellen ===
'''MediaWiki''' uses a subset of '''TeX markup''', including some extensions from LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX, for mathematical formulae. It generates either PNG images or simple HTML markup, depending on [[Help:Preferences#Math|user preferences]] and the complexity of the expression.


More precisely, MediaWiki filters the markup through Texvc, which in turn passes the commands to TeX for the actual rendering. Thus, only a limited part of the full TeX language is supported; see below for details.


==== Allgemeine Erklärung ====
__TOC__


Die Media-Wiki-Software, mit der das ZUM-Wiki betrieben wird, bietet die Möglichkeit an, Formeln anzugeben. Benutzt werden dabei Befehle wie im Schriftsatz-System Latex.  
==Technicals==
===Syntax===
Traditionally, math markup goes inside the XML-style tag math: <code><nowiki><math> ... </math></nowiki></code>. The old [[Help:Edit toolbar|edit toolbar]] has a button for this: [[Image:Math icon.png|{{MediaWiki:Math tip}}]].


So können auch mit '''Latex''' erstellte mathematische Formeln dargestellt werden:<br>
However, one can also use parser function [[mw:Help:Magic_words#Miscellaneous|#tag]]: <code><nowiki>{{#tag:math|...}}</nowiki></code>; this is more versatile: the wikitext at the dots is first [[Help:Expansion|expanded]] before interpreting the result as TeX code. Thus it can contain parameters, variables, parser functions and templates. Note however that with this syntax double braces in the TeX code must have a space in between, to avoid confusion with their use in template calls etc. Also, to produce the character "|" inside the TeX code, use <nowiki>{{!}}</nowiki>.<ref>This requires the wiki to have the [[Template:!]] containing "|", as many wikis do, see e.g. also [[w:Template:!]].</ref>
<tt><nowiki>\int \cos\left(x\right)\, \sin\left(x\right) \,\mathrm{d} x = -\frac{\cos\left(2\, x\right)}{4}</nowiki></tt><br>
<math>\int \cos\left(x\right)\, \sin\left(x\right) \,\mathrm{d} x = -\frac{\cos\left(2\, x\right)}{4}</math>


==TEST der darstellbaren Zeichen==
In TeX, as in HTML, extra spaces and newlines are ignored.
Die folgenden Absätze stammen von http://www.wikischool.de/wiki/WikiSchool:TeX


Andere Auflistung:
===Rendering===
The PNG images are black on white (not transparent). These colors, as well as font sizes and types, are independent of browser settings or CSS. Font sizes and types will often deviate from what HTML renders. Vertical alignment with the surrounding text can also be a problem. The css selector of the images is <code>img.tex</code>.
It should be pointed out that solutions to most of these shortcomings have been proposed by Maynard Handley, but have not been implemented yet.


{| class="prettytable"
The <code>alt</code> attribute of the PNG images (the text that is displayed if your browser can't display images; Internet Explorer shows it up in the hover box) is the wikitext that produced them, excluding the <code><nowiki><math></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></math></nowiki></code>.
|- {{Highlight1}}
 
! Darzustellen
Apart from function and operator names, as is customary in mathematics for variables, letters are in italics; digits are not. For other text, (like variable labels) to avoid being rendered in italics like variables, use <code>\text</code>, <code>\mbox</code>, or <code>\mathrm</code>. You can also define new function names using <code>\operatorname{...}</code>. For example, <code><nowiki><math>\text{abc}</math></nowiki></code> gives <math>\text{abc}</math>. This does not work for special characters, they are ignored unless the whole <nowiki><math></nowiki> expression is rendered in HTML:
! Syntax
 
! So sieht's gerendert aus
*<nowiki><math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ}</math></nowiki>
*<nowiki><math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ}\,</math></nowiki>
 
gives:
 
*<math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ}</math>
*<math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ}\,</math>
 
See [[bugzilla:798|bug 798]] for details.
 
Nevertheless, using <code>\mbox</code> instead of <code>\text</code>, more characters are allowed
 
For example,
*<nowiki><math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}</math></nowiki>
*<nowiki><math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}\,</math></nowiki>
 
gives:
*<math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}</math>
*<math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}\,</math>
 
But <code>\mbox{ð}</code> and <code>\mbox{þ}</code> will give an error:
* <math>\mbox {ð}</math>
* <math>\mbox {þ}</math>
 
==TeX vs HTML==
 
Before introducing TeX markup for producing special characters, it should be noted that, as this comparison table shows, sometimes similar results can be achieved in HTML.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|Standard
! TeX Syntax ([[#Forced_PNG_rendering|forcing PNG]])
|abcdefg
! TeX Rendering
|<math> abcdefg </math>
! HTML Syntax
! HTML Rendering
|-
|-
|Fett (bold)
| <code><nowiki><math>\alpha\,\!</math></nowiki></code>
|\mathbf{abcdefg}
| <math>\alpha\,\!</math>
|<math>\mathbf{abcdefg}</math>
| <code><nowiki>{{math|<VAR>&amp;alpha;</VAR>}}</nowiki></code>
| {{math|<VAR>&alpha;</VAR>}}
|-
|-
|Kursiv (italic)
| <code><nowiki><math>\sqrt{2}</math></nowiki></code>
|\mathit{abcdefg}, veraltend: {\it abcdefg}
| <math>\sqrt{2}</math>
|<math>\mathit{abcdefg}\,{\it abcdefg}</math>
| <code><nowiki>{{math|{{radical|2}}}}</nowiki></code>
| {{math|{{radical|2}}}}
|-
|-
|Antiqua (roman)
| <code><nowiki><math>\sqrt{1-e^2}</math></nowiki></code>
|\mathrm{abcdefg}, veraltend: {\rm abcdefg}
| <math>\sqrt{1-e^2}\!</math>
|<math>\mathrm{abcdefg}\,{\rm abcdefg}</math>
| <code><nowiki>{{math|{{radical|1 &minus; ''e''&sup2;}}}}</nowiki></code>
|-
| {{math|{{radical|1 &minus; ''e''&sup2;}}}}
|Sans Serif
|}
|\mathsf{abcdefg}
|<math>\mathsf{abcdefg}</math>
|-
|rowspan="2"|Fraktur (Schrift)
|\mathfrak{abcdefg}
|<math>\mathfrak{abcdefg}</math>
|-
|\mathfrak{ABCDEFG}  
|<math>\mathfrak{ABCDEFG}</math>  
|-
| rowspan="2"|Kalligraphische Symbole
|\mathcal{abcdefghijklm}


\mathcal{nopqrstuvwxyz}
The codes on the left produce the symbols on the right, but the latter can also be put directly in the wikitext, except for &lsquo;=&rsquo;.
|<math>\mathcal{abcdefghijklm}</math>


<math>\mathcal{nopqrstuvwxyz}</math>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|\mathcal{ABCDEFGHIJKLM}
! Syntax
! Rendering
|- valign="top"
|<pre><nowiki>&amp;alpha; &amp;beta; &amp;gamma; &amp;delta; &amp;epsilon; &amp;zeta;
&amp;eta; &amp;theta; &amp;iota; &amp;kappa; &amp;lambda; &amp;mu; &amp;nu;
&amp;xi; &amp;omicron; &amp;pi; &amp;rho;  &amp;sigma; &amp;sigmaf;
&amp;tau; &amp;upsilon; &amp;phi; &amp;chi; &amp;psi; &amp;omega;
&amp;Gamma; &amp;Delta; &amp;Theta; &amp;Lambda; &amp;Xi; &amp;Pi;
&amp;Sigma; &amp;Phi; &amp;Psi; &amp;Omega;
</nowiki></pre>
| style="texhtml" |α β γ δ ε ζ<br
/>η θ ι κ λ μ ν<br
/>ξ ο π ρ σ ς<br
/>τ υ φ χ ψ ω<br
/>Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π<br
/>Σ Φ Ψ Ω
|- valign="top"
| valign="middle" | <pre><nowiki>&amp;int; &amp;sum; &amp;prod; &amp;radic; &amp;minus; &amp;plusmn; &amp;infin;
&amp;asymp; &amp;prop; {{=}} &amp;equiv; &amp;ne; &amp;le; &amp;ge;
&amp;times; &amp;middot; &amp;divide; &amp;part; &amp;prime; &amp;Prime;
&amp;nabla; &amp;permil; &amp;deg; &amp;there4; &amp;Oslash; &amp;oslash;
&amp;isin; &amp;notin;
&amp;cap; &amp;cup; &amp;sub; &amp;sup; &amp;sube; &amp;supe;
&amp;not; &amp;and; &amp;or; &amp;exist; &amp;forall;
&amp;rArr; &amp;hArr; &amp;rarr; &amp;harr; &amp;uarr;
&amp;alefsym; - &amp;ndash; &amp;mdash;
</nowiki></pre>
| style="texhtml" |∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± ∞<br
/>≈ ∝ = ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥<br
/>× · ÷ ∂ ′ ″<br
/>∇ ‰ ° ∴ Ø ø<br
/>∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇<br
/>¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀<br
/>⇒ ⇔ → ↔ ↑<br
/>ℵ - – —
|}


\mathcal{NOPQRSTUVWXYZ}
The use of HTML instead of TeX is still under discussion. The arguments either way can be summarised
|<math>\mathcal{ABCDEFGHIJKLM}</math>
as follows.


<math>\mathcal{NOPQRSTUVWXYZ}</math>
===Pros of HTML===
|-
# In-line HTML formulae always align properly with the rest of the HTML text.
|Zahlenbereiche
# The formula&rsquo;s background and font size match the rest of HTML contents and the appearance respects CSS and browser settings while the typeface is conveniently altered to help you identify formulae.
|\mathbb{N}\mathbb{Z}\mathbb{Q}\mathbb{R}
# Pages using HTML code for formulae will load faster and they will create less clutter on your hard disk.
# Formulae typeset with HTML code will be accessible to client-side script links (a.k.a. scriptlets).
# The display of a formula entered using mathematical templates can be conveniently altered by modifying the templates involved; this modification will affect all relevant formulae without any manual intervention.
# The HTML code, if entered diligently, will contain all semantic information to transform the equation back to TeX or any other code as needed.  It can even contain differences TeX does not normally catch, e.g. <code><nowiki>{{math|''i''}}</nowiki></code> for the imaginary unit and <code><nowiki>{{math|<VAR>i</VAR>}}</nowiki></code> for an arbitrary index variable.


\mathbb{C}\mathbb{H}\mathbb{F}   
===Pros of TeX===
# TeX is semantically superior to HTML. In TeX, "<code><nowiki><math>x</math></nowiki></code>" means "mathematical variable <math>x</math>", whereas in HTML "<code>x</code>" could mean anything. Information has been irrevocably lost.
# On the other hand, if you encode the same formula as "<code><nowiki>{{math|<VAR>x</VAR>}}</nowiki></code>", you get the same visual result {{math|<VAR>x</VAR>}} and no information is lost.  This requires diligence and more typing that could make the formula harder to understand as you type it.  However, since there are far more readers than editors, this effort is worth considering.
# TeX has been specifically designed for typesetting formulae, so input is easier and more natural if you are accustomed to it, and output is more aesthetically pleasing if you focus on a single formula rather than on the whole containing page.
# One consequence of point&nbsp;1 is that TeX code can be transformed into HTML, but not vice-versa.{{ref|dilHTML}}  This means that on the server side we can always transform a formula, based on its complexity and location within the text, user preferences, type of browser, etc.  Therefore, where possible, all the benefits of HTML can be retained, together with the benefits of TeX.  It is true that the current situation is not ideal, but that is not a good reason to drop information/contents.  It is more a reason to help improve the situation.
# Another consequence of point&nbsp;1 is that TeX can be converted to MathML for browsers which support it, thus keeping its semantics and allowing the rendering to be better suited for the reader&rsquo;s graphic device.
# When writing in TeX, editors need not worry about whether this or that version of this or that browser supports this or that HTML entity. The burden of these decisions is put on the software. This does not hold for HTML formulae, which can easily end up being rendered wrongly or differently from the editor&rsquo;s intentions on a different browser.{{ref|browsupp}} 
# More importantly, the serif font used for rendering formulae is browser-dependent and it may be missing some important glyphs.  While the browser generally capable to substitute a matching glyph from a different font family, it need not be the case for combined glyphs (compare&nbsp;&lsquo;&nbsp;<VAR>{{IPA|a&#773;}}</VAR>&nbsp;&rsquo; and&nbsp;&lsquo;&nbsp;<VAR STYLE="FONT-FAMILY: SERIF">a&#773;</VAR>&nbsp;&rsquo;).
# TeX is the preferred text formatting language of most professional mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. It is easier to persuade them to contribute if they can write in TeX.


|<math>\mathbb{N}\mathbb{Z}\mathbb{Q}\mathbb{R}\mathbb{C}\mathbb{H}\mathbb{F}</math>  
:<SMALL>{{note|dilHTML}} unless your wikitext follows the style of point&nbsp;2</SMALL>
|-
:<SMALL>{{note|browsupp}} The entity support problem is not limited to mathematical formulae though; it can be easily solved by using the corresponding characters instead of entities, as the character repertoire links do, except for cases where the corresponding glyphs are visually indiscernible (e.g. &amp;ndash; for &lsquo;&ndash;&rsquo; and &amp;minus;  for &lsquo;&minus;&rsquo;).</SMALL>
| rowspan="2"|Griechische Buchstaben 
|\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \varepsilon \zeta \eta \theta \vartheta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \nu


\xi o \pi \varpi \rho \varrho \sigma \varsigma \tau \upsilon \phi \varphi \chi \psi \omega
== Functions, symbols, special characters ==
|<math>\alpha\ \beta\ \gamma\ \delta\ \epsilon\ \varepsilon\ \zeta\ \eta\ \theta\ \vartheta\ \iota\ \kappa\ \lambda\ \mu\ \nu</math>


<math>\xi\ o\ \pi\ \varpi\ \rho\ \varrho\ \sigma\ \varsigma\ \tau\ \upsilon\ \phi\ \varphi\ \chi\ \psi\ \omega</math>
<!-- Eight symbols per line seems to be optimal-->
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |<h3>Accents/diacritics</h3>
|-
|-
|\Gamma \Delta \Theta \Lambda \Xi \Pi \Sigma \Upsilon \Phi \Psi \Omega
|<code>\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}</code>
|<math>\Gamma\ \Delta\ \Theta\ \Lambda\ \Xi\ \Pi\ \Sigma\ \Upsilon\ \Phi\ \Psi\ \Omega</math>
|<math>\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|Imaginärteil, Realteil
|<code>\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}</code>
|\Im\Re (besser: \operatorname{Re},\operatorname{Im})
|<math>\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}\!</math>
|<math>\Im\Re</math> (besser: <math>\operatorname{Re},\operatorname{Im}</math>)
|-
|-
|Hebräisches Alphabet
! colspan="2" |
|\daleth\gimel\beth\aleph
 
|<math>\daleth\gimel\beth\aleph</math>  
<h3>Standard functions</h3>
|-
|-
|Funktionsnamen
|<code>\sin a \cos b \tan c</code>
|\sin x (wenn nicht vorhanden: \operatorname{arsinh})
|<math>\sin a \cos b \tan c\!</math>
|<math>\sin x~({\rm falsch:}~sin x),~\operatorname{arsinh}</math>
|-
|-
|Text, Worte und Wortteile
|<code>\sec d \csc e \cot f</code>
|Schrift, die nicht für Variablen u. ä. steht, immer mit <tt>\mathrm{...}</tt> (veraltet: <tt>{\rm ...}</tt>) setzen, dann stimmt auch die Größe: <tt>U_\mathrm{Gesamt}</tt>
|<math>\sec d \csc e \cot f\,\!</math>
<nowiki>\text{...}</nowiki> funktioniert in Wikitech leider nicht.
|<math>U_\mathrm{Gesamt},~x_\mathrm{max},~\cos x=1~\mathrm{wenn}~x=0 </math>
|-
|-
|}
|<code>\arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j</code>
 
|<math>\arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j\,\!</math>
== Sonderzeichen in TeX ==
{| class="prettytable"
|- {{highlight1}}
! Darzustellen
! Syntax
! So sieht's gerendert aus
|-
|-
|Ableitungen
|<code>\sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n\!</code>
|\nabla \partial \mathrm{d} x
|<math>\sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n\!</math>
|<math>\nabla \;\partial \;\mathrm{d} x</math>
|-
|-
| rowspan=2|Wurzeln
|<code>\operatorname{sh}\,o\,\operatorname{ch}\,p\,\operatorname{th}\,q\!</code>
|\sqrt{2}\approx 1{,}4
|<math>\operatorname{sh}\,o\,\operatorname{ch}\,p\,\operatorname{th}\,q\!</math>
|<math>\sqrt{2}\approx 1{,}4</math>
|-
|-
|\sqrt[n]{x}
|<code>\operatorname{arsinh}\,r\,\operatorname{arcosh}\,s\,\operatorname{artanh}\,t</code>
|<math>\sqrt[n]{x}</math>
|<math>\operatorname{arsinh}\,r\,\operatorname{arcosh}\,s\,\operatorname{artanh}\,t\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|Winkelgrad
|<code>\lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y\!</code>
|360^\circ
|<math>\lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y\!</math>
|<math>360^\circ</math>
|-
|-
|Grad Celsius
|<code>\inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g\!</code>
|100\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C}
|<math>\inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g\!</math>
|<math>100\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C}</math>
|-
|-
| Durchmesserzeichen oder leere Menge
|<code>\deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n</code>
|\varnothing
|<math>\deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n\!</math>
|<math>\varnothing</math>
|-
|-
|Sonstige Zeichen (Auswahl)
! colspan="2" |
|\AA \angle \backslash \bot \Box \clubsuit \Diamond \diamondsuit \ell \empty \emptyset \infty \exists \flat


\forall \hbar \heartsuit \imath \mho \natural \neg \prime \# \sharp  \spadesuit \top \triangle \wp
<h3>Modular arithmetic</h3>
 
|-
|<math>\AA \angle \backslash \bot \Box \clubsuit \Diamond \diamondsuit \ell \empty \emptyset \infty \exists \flat</math>
|<code>s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}</code>
 
|<math>s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}\,\!</math>
<math>\forall \hbar \heartsuit \imath \mho \natural \neg \prime \# \sharp  \spadesuit \top \triangle \wp </math>
|-
|<code>a\,\bmod\,b</code>
|<math>a\,\bmod\,b\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|}
! colspan="2" | <h3>Derivatives</h3>
 
=== Hinweis ===
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="margin:auto;"
|-
|-
| style="background-color:#00FF00" | Zahl mit Komma (richtig)
|<code>\nabla \, \partial x \, dx \, \dot x \, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial x_1\,\partial x_2}</code>
| style="background-color:#00FF00" | 3{,}14
|<math>\nabla \, \partial x \, dx \, \dot x \, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial x_1\,\partial x_2}</math>
| style="background-color:#00FF00" | <math>3{,}14\,</math>
|-
| style="background-color:#FF0000" | Zahl mit Komma (falsch)
| style="background-color:#FF0000" | 3,14
| style="background-color:#FF0000" | <math>3,14\,</math>
|-
|-
|}
! colspan="2" |


==Mathematische Symbole ==
<h3>Sets</h3>
=== Binäre Operatoren und Vergleiche ===
{| border="0"
| valign="top" |
{| class="prettytable"
|+'''Binäre Operatoren'''
|- {{highlight1}}
! Syntax
! Gerendert
|-
|-
|\mathcal{q} (\amalg)
|<code>\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing</code>
|<math>\mathcal{q}</math>
|<math>\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\setminus
|<code>\in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq</code>
|<math>\setminus</math>
|<math>\in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\pm
|<code>\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus</code>
|<math>\pm</math>
|<math>\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\mp
|<code>\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup</code>
|<math>\mp</math>
|<math>\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\mathcal{t} \mathcal{u}<br/>(\sqcap und \sqcup)
! colspan="2" |
|<math>\mathcal{tu}</math>
 
<h3>Operators</h3>
|-
|-
|\star
|<code>+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp - </code>
|<math>\star</math>
|<math>+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp - \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\bullet
|<code>\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot</code>
|<math>\bullet</math>
|<math>\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\cap
|<code>\star * / \div \frac{1}{2}</code>
|<math>\cap</math>
|<math>\star * / \div \frac{1}{2}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\cdot
! colspan="2" |
|<math>\cdot</math>
 
<h3>Logic</h3>
|-
|-
|\circ
|<code>\land (or \and) \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p</code>
|<math>\circ</math>
|<math>\land \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\cup
|<code>\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And</code>
|<math>\cup</math>
|<math>\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\dagger
! colspan="2" |
|<math>\dagger</math>
 
<h3>Root</h3>
|-
|-
|\mathcal{z} (\ddagger)
|<code>\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}</code>
|<math>\mathcal z</math>
|<math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\times
! colspan="2" | <h3>Relations</h3>
|<math>\times</math>
|-
|-
|\triangle
|<code>\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot=  \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}</code>
|<math>\triangle</math>
|<math>\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot=  \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\oplus \otimes
|<code>\le < \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto</code>
|<math>\oplus\ \otimes</math>
|<math>\le < \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\triangleright \triangleleft
|<code> \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox</code>
|<math>\triangleright\ \triangleleft</math>
|<math> \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox</math>
|-
|-
|\vee <small>oder</small> \lor
! colspan="2" |
|<math>\vee</math>
 
<h3>Geometric</h3>
|-
|-
|\wedge <small>oder</small> \land
|<code><nowiki>\Diamond \Box \triangle \angle \perp \mid \nmid \| 45^\circ</nowiki></code>
|<math>\wedge</math>  
|<math>\Diamond \, \Box \, \triangle \, \angle \perp \, \mid \; \nmid \, \| 45^\circ\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\wr
! colspan="2" |
|<math>\wr</math>
 
<h3>Arrows</h3>
|-
|-
|}
|<code>\leftarrow (or \gets) \rightarrow (or \to) \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow</code>
| valign="top" |
|<math>\leftarrow \rightarrow \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow \,\!</math>
{| class="prettytable"
|+'''Binäre Operatoren'''
|- {{highlight1}}
! Syntax
! Gerendert
|-
|-
|\approx
|<code>\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \Longrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow (or \iff)</code>
|<math>\approx</math>
|<math>\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \Longrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \!</math>
|-
|-
|\mid
|<code>\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow  \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow</code>
|<math>\mid</math>
|<math>\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow  \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow \!</math>
|-
|-
|\cong
|<code>\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons</code>
|<math>\cong</math>
|<math>\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\models
|<code>\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright</code>
|<math>\models</math>
|<math>\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\equiv
|<code>\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft</code>
|<math>\equiv</math>
|<math>\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\frown
|<code>\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow </code>
|<math>\frown</math>
|<math>\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<nowiki>\|</nowiki>
! colspan="2" |
|<math>\|</math>
 
<h3>Special</h3>
|-
|-
|\in \ni
|<code>\And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots</code>
|<math>\in \ni</math>
|<math>\And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\perp
|<code>\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top</code>
|<math>\perp</math>
|<math>\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\le oder \leq
|<code>\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar</code>
|<math>\le\mathrm{oder}\leq</math>
|<math>\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\ge oder \geq
|<code>\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement</code>
|<math>\ge\mathrm{oder}\geq</math>
|<math>\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\sim
|<code>\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp</code>
|<math>\sim</math>
|<math>\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\simeq
! colspan="2" |
|<math>\simeq</math>
 
<h3>Unsorted (new stuff)</h3>
|-
|-
|\smile
|<code> \vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown</code>
|<math>\smile</math>
|<math> \vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown</math>
|-
|-
|\mathcal{vw} <br/> (\sqsubseteq und \sqsupseteq)
|<code> \blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge</code>
|<math>\mathcal{vw}</math>
|<math> \blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge\!</math>
|-
|-
|\subset
|<code> \veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes</code>
|<math>\subset</math>
|<math> \veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes</math>
|-
|-
|\subseteq
|<code> \rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant</code>
|<math>\subseteq</math>
|<math> \rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant</math>
|-
|-
|\supset
|<code> \eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq</code>
|<math>\supset</math>
|<math> \eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq</math>
|-
|-
|\supseteq
|<code> \fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft</code>
|<math>\supseteq</math>
|<math> \fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft</math>
|-
|-
|\vdash
|<code> \Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \eqsim \gtrdot</code>
|<math>\vdash</math>
|<math> \Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \eqsim \gtrdot</math>
|-
|-
|}
|<code> \ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq</code>
| valign="top" |
|<math> \ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq</math>
{| class="prettytable"
|+'''Binäre Operatoren'''
|- {{highlight1}}
! Syntax
! Gerendert
|-
|-
|\ll
|<code> \Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \shortparallel \between \pitchfork</code>
|<math>\ll</math>
|<math> \Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \shortparallel \between \pitchfork</math>
|-
|-
|\gg
|<code> \varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq</code>
|<math>\gg</math>
|<math> \varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq</math>
|-
|-
|\not<
|<code> \lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid</code>
|<math>\not<</math>
|<math> \lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid</math>
|-
|-
|\not>
|<code> \nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr</code>
|<math>\not></math>
|<math> \nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr</math>
|-
|-
|\not= \neq \ne
|<code>\subsetneq</code>
|<math>\not=\ \neq\ \ne</math>
|<math>\subsetneq</math>
|-
|-
|\not\approx
|<code> \ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq</code>
|<math>\not\approx</math>
|<math> \ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq</math>
|-
|-
|\not\cong
|<code> \succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq</code>
|<math>\not\cong</math>  
|<math> \succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq</math>
|-
|-
|\not\equiv
|<code> \nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq</code>
|<math>\not\equiv</math>
|<math> \nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq</math>
|-
|-
|\not\ge
|<code>\jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus</code>
|<math>\not\ge</math>
|<math>\jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\not\in \notin
|<code>\oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq</code>
|<math>\not\in \notin</math>
|<math>\oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\not\le
|<code>\dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel</code>
|<math>\not\le</math>
|<math>\dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\not\simeq
|<code>\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner</code>
|<math>\not\simeq</math>
|<math>\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner</math>
|}
 
== Larger expressions ==
=== Subscripts, superscripts, integrals ===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!rowspan="2"|Feature!!rowspan="2"|Syntax!!colspan="2"|How it looks rendered
|-
|-
|\not\subset
!HTML!!PNG
|<math>\not\subset</math>
|-
|-
|\not\subseteq
|<math>\not\subseteq</math>
|-
|-
|\not\supset
|Superscript||<code>a^2</code>||<math>a^2</math>||<math>a^2 \,\!</math>
|<math>\not\supset</math>
|-
|-
|\not\supseteq
|Subscript||<code>a_2</code>||<math>a_2</math>||<math>a_2 \,\!</math>
|<math>\not\supseteq</math>
|-
|-
|\neg
|rowspan=2|Grouping||<code>a^{2+2}</code>||<math>a^{2+2}</math>||<math>a^{2+2}\,\!</math>
|<math>\neg</math>
|-
|-
|}
|<code>a_{i,j}</code>||<math>a_{i,j}</math>||<math>a_{i,j}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|}
|rowspan=2|Combining sub & super without and with horizontal separation||<code>x_2^3</code>||<math>x_2^3</math>||<math>x_2^3 \,\!</math>
 
=== Hoch- und Tiefstellungen ===
{| class="prettytable"
|- {{highlight1}}
! Darzustellen               
! Syntax   
! So sieht's gerendert aus
|-
|-
|hochgestellt         
|<code>{x_2}^3</code>||<math>{x_2}^3</math>||<math>{x_2}^3 \,\!</math>
|a^2       
|<math>a^2</math>
|-
|-
|tiefgestellt         
|Super super||<code>10^{10^{ \,\!{8} }</code>||colspan=2|<math>10^{10^{ \,\! 8 } }</math>
|a_2       
|<math> a_2 </math>
|-
|-
| rowspan=2|Gruppierung 
|Super super||<code>10^{10^{ \overset{8}{} }}</code>||colspan=2|<math>10^{10^{ \overset{8}{} }}</math>
|a^{2+2}   
|<math>a^{2+2}</math>
|-
|-
|a_{i, j}  
|Super super (wrong in HTML in some browsers)||<code>10^{10^8}</code> ||colspan=2|<math>10^{10^8}</math>
|<math>a_{i, j}</math>
|-
|-
|Kombination hoch & tief 
|rowspan="2"|Preceding and/or Additional sub & super||<code>\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b</code>||colspan=2|<math>\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b</math>
|sowohl x_2^3 als auch x^3_2  ergibt
|<math>x_2^3</math>
|-
|-
|Folge von hoch & tief 
|<code>{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4</code>||colspan=2|<math>{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4</math>
|{x_2}^3, {x^3}_2 
|<math>{x_2}^3,\,{x^3}_2</math>
|-
|-
|Ableitung (richtig)   
|rowspan="4"|Stacking
|x'       
|<code>\overset{\alpha}{\omega}</code>||colspan="2"|<math>\overset{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|<math>x'</math>
|-
|-
|Ableitung (auch richtig)
|<code>\underset{\alpha}{\omega}</code>||colspan="2"|<math>\underset{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|x^\prime 
|<math>x^\prime</math>
|-
|-
|Ableitung (falsch)   
|<code>\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}</code>||colspan="2"|<math>\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}</math>
|x\prime   
|<math>x\prime</math>  
|-
|-
|Summe           
|<code>\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}</code>||colspan="2"|<math>\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|\sum_{k=1}^N k^2  
|<math>\sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math>
|-
|-
|mehrzeilige Summationsgrenzen
|Derivative (forced PNG)||<code>x', y<nowiki>''</nowiki>, f', f<nowiki>''</nowiki>\!</code>||&nbsp;||<math>x', y'', f', f''\!</math>
|\sum_{k\in M,\atop k>5} k
|<math>\sum_{k\in M,\atop k>5} k</math>
|-
|-
|Produkt         
|Derivative (f in italics may overlap primes in HTML)||<code>x', y<nowiki>''</nowiki>, f', f<nowiki>''</nowiki></code>||<math>x', y'', f', f''</math>||<math>x', y'', f', f''\!</math>
|\prod_{i=1}^N x_i
|<math>\prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
|-
|Vereinigung
|Derivative (wrong in HTML)||<code>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}</code>||<math>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}</math>||<math>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}\,\!</math>
|\bigcup_{\lambda\in\Lambda} A_\lambda
|<math>\bigcup_{\lambda\in\Lambda} A_\lambda </math>
|-
|-
|Durchschnitt
|Derivative (wrong in PNG)||<code>x\prime, y\prime\prime</code>||<math>x\prime, y\prime\prime</math>||<math>x\prime, y\prime\prime\,\!</math>
|\bigcap_{\lambda\in\Lambda} A_\lambda
|<math>\bigcap_{\lambda\in\Lambda} A_\lambda </math>
|-
|-
|Limes
|Derivative dots||<code>\dot{x}, \ddot{x}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\dot{x}, \ddot{x}</math>
|\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n
|<math>\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math>
|-
|-
|Exponentialfunktion
|rowspan="4"|Underlines, overlines, vectors||<code>\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c</code>||colspan=2|<math>\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c</math>
| e^{- \alpha \cdot x^2}
| <math> e^{- \alpha \cdot x^2} </math>
|-
|-
|Integral
|<code>\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}</math>
|\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, \mathrm{d}x 
|<math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\,\mathrm{d}x</math> (platzsparend)
|-
|-
|Integral
|<code>\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}</math>
| \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, \mathrm{d}x
| <math>\int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, \mathrm{d}x</math>  
|-
|-
|Mehrfachintegral
|<code>\not 1 \ \cancel{123}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\not 1 \ \cancel{123}</math>
|\iint_a^b \iiint_a^b   
|<math>\iint_a^b \iiint_a^b</math>
|-
|-
|Ringintegral   
|Arrows||<code> A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C</code>||colspan=2|<math> A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C</math>
|\oint_c           
|<math>\oint_c</math>
|-
|-
|A adjungiert   
|Overbraces||<code>\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}</math>
|A^\dagger       
|<math>A^\dagger</math>
|-
|-
|}
|Underbraces||<code>\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}</math>
 
=== Logische Quantoren ===
 
'''Hinweis:''' Die Verwendung von Quantoren schränkt die Verständlichkeit für Laien und die Lesbarkeit stark ein. Quantoren werden außerhalb der Grundlagen der Mathematik im Regelfall nur als Kurzschreibweise beispielsweise an der Tafel, nicht jedoch in Lehrbüchern oder Fachartikeln verwendet.
{| class="prettytable"
|- {{highlight1}}
! Darzustellen               
! Syntax   
! So sieht's gerendert aus
|-
|-
| für alle x
|Sum||<code>\sum_{k=1}^N k^2</code>||colspan=2|<math>\sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math>
| \forall x \, A(x)
| style="background-color:#ffffff;" | <math>\forall x \, A(x)</math>
|-
|-
| es gibt ein x
|Sum (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 </code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math>
| \exists x \, A(x)
| style="background-color:#ffffff;" | <math>\exists x \, A(x)</math>
|- {{highlight2}}
| colspan="3" | ''alternativ:''
|-
|-
| für alle x
|Product||<code>\prod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
| \bigwedge_{x} A(x)
| style="background-color:#ffffff;" | <math>\bigwedge_{x} A(x)</math>
|-
|-
| es gibt ein x
|Product (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
| \bigvee_{x} A(x)
| style="background-color:#ffffff;" | <math>\bigvee_{x} A(x)</math>
|}
 
=== Mathematische Akzente ===
{| class="prettytable"
|- {{highlight1}}
! Darzustellen               
! Syntax   
! So sieht's gerendert aus
|-
|-
|Vektorpfeil
|Coproduct||<code>\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|\vec a
|<math>\vec a</math>
|-
|-
|Zeitableitung
|Coproduct (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|\dot a
|<math>\dot a</math>
|-
|-
|Umlaute
|Limit||<code>\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</code>||colspan=2|<math>\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math>
|\ddot a
|<math>\ddot a</math>
|-
|-
|Vektor-Zeitableitung
|Limit (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math>
|\dot\vec a
|<math>\dot\vec a</math>
|-
|-
|a quer
|Integral||<code>\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</math>
|\bar a
|<math>\bar a</math>
|-
|-
|a Tilde
|Integral (alternate limits style)||<code>\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</math>
|\tilde a
|<math>\tilde a</math>
|-
|-
|a Dach               
|Integral (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
|\hat a
|<math>\hat a</math>
|-
|-
|Akzent Grave
|Integral (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>, alternate limits style)||<code>\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
|\grave a
|<math>\grave a</math>
|-
|-
|Akzent Acute
|Double integral||<code>\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy</code>||colspan=2|<math>\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy</math>
|\acute a
|<math>\acute a</math>
|-
|-
|Hatschek
|Triple integral||<code>\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz</code>||colspan=2|<math>\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz</math>
|\check a
|<math>\check a</math>
|-
|-
|Breve
|Quadruple integral||<code>\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt</code>||colspan=2|<math>\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt</math>
|\breve a
|<math>\breve a</math>
|-
|-
|a slash
|Line or path integral||<code>\int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</code>||colspan=2|<math>\int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</math>
|a\!\!\!/
|<math>a\!\!\!/</math>
|}
 
=== Sonstige Markierungen ===
{| class="prettytable"
|- {{highlight1}}
! Darzustellendes Symbol               
! Syntax   
! So sieht's gerendert aus
|-
|-
|Überstreichen   
|Closed line or path integral||<code>\oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</code>||colspan=2|<math>\oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</math>
|\overline { ... }
|<math>\overline { ABC }</math>
|-
|-
|Unterstreichen
|Intersections||<code>\bigcap_1^n p</code>||colspan=2|<math>\bigcap_1^n p</math>
|\underline { ... }
|<math>\underline { ABC }</math>
|-
|-
|Pfeil drüber
|Unions||<code>\bigcup_1^k p</code>||colspan=2|<math>\bigcup_1^k p</math>
|\overrightarrow { ... }
|}
|<math>\overrightarrow { ABC }</math>
 
=== Fractions, matrices, multilines ===
 
{|  class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|-
| Fractions
| <code>\frac{1}{2}=0.5</code>
| <math>\frac{1}{2}=0.5</math>
|-
| Small Fractions
| <code>\tfrac{1}{2} = 0.5</code>
| <math>\tfrac{1}{2} = 0.5</math>
|-
| Large (normal) Fractions
| <code>\dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{1}{2}}} = a </code>
| <math>\dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{1}{2}}} = a</math>
|-
| Large (nested) Fractions
| <code>\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{1}{2}}} = a</code>
| <math>\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{1}{2}}} = a</math>
|-
| Binomial coefficients
| <code>\binom{n}{k}</code>
| <math>\binom{n}{k}</math>
|-
| Small Binomial coefficients
| <code>\tbinom{n}{k}</code>
| <math>\tbinom{n}{k}</math>
|-
| Large (normal) Binomial coefficients
| <code>\dbinom{n}{k}</code>
| <math>\dbinom{n}{k}</math>
|-
|  rowspan="7" | Matrices
| <pre>\begin{matrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{matrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{matrix}</math>
|-
| <pre>\begin{vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{vmatrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{vmatrix}</math>
|-
| <pre>\begin{Vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Vmatrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{Vmatrix}</math>
|-
| <pre>\begin{bmatrix}
0      & \cdots & 0      \\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
0      & \cdots & 0
\end{bmatrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots
& \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots &
0\end{bmatrix} </math>
|-
| <pre>\begin{Bmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Bmatrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{Bmatrix}</math>
|-
| <pre>\begin{pmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{pmatrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{pmatrix}</math>
|-
| <pre>
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
a&b\\ c&d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
</pre>
| <math>
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
a&b\\ c&d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
</math>
|-
| Case distinctions
| <pre>
f(n) =
\begin{cases}
n/2,  & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\
3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd}
\end{cases}</pre>
| <math>f(n) =
\begin{cases}
n/2,  & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\
3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd}
\end{cases} </math>
|-
|  rowspan="2" | Multiline equations
| <pre>
\begin{align}
f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align}
</pre>
| <math>
\begin{align}
f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align}
</math>
|-
| <pre>
\begin{alignat}{2}
f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat}
</pre>
| <math>
\begin{alignat}{2}
f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat}
</math>
|-
| Multiline equations <small>(must define number of colums used ({lcr}) <small>(should not be used unless needed)</small></small>
| <pre>
\begin{array}{lcl}
z        & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z 
\end{array}</pre>
| <math>\begin{array}{lcl}
z        & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z 
\end{array}</math>
|-
| Multiline equations (more)
| <pre>
\begin{array}{lcr}
z        & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z   
\end{array}</pre>
| <math>\begin{array}{lcr}
z        & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z   
\end{array}</math>
|-
| Breaking up a long expression so that it wraps when necessary.
| <pre><nowiki><math>f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math>
<math>= a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math></nowiki></pre>
| <math>f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math><math>= a_0 +a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math>
|-
| Simultaneous equations
| <pre>\begin{cases}
3x + 5y +  z \\
7x - 2y + 4z \\
-6x + 3y + 2z
\end{cases}</pre>
| <math>\begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z \\ 7x - 2y + 4z \\ -6x + 3y + 2z \end{cases}</math>
|-
| Arrays
| <pre>
\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\
\hline
0&0&1\\
0&1&1\\
1&0&1\\
1&1&0\\
\end{array}
</pre>
| <math>
\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\
\hline
0&0&1\\
0&1&1\\
1&0&1\\
1&1&0\\
\end{array}
</math>
|}
 
=== Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Feature !! Syntax !! How it looks rendered
|-
|-
|Pfeil drüber
| Bad
|\overleftarrow { ... }
| <code>( \frac{1}{2} )</code>
|<math>\overleftarrow { ABC }</math>
| <math>( \frac{1}{2} )</math>
<!-- KLAPPT NICHT! |-|Tilde drüber|\widetilde { ... }|<math>\widetilde { ABC }</math> -->
|-
|-
|Dach drüber
| Good
|\widehat { ... }
| <code>\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )</code>
|<math>\widehat { ABC }</math>
| <math>\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )</math>
|}
 
You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|-
|-
|Klammer drüber
| Parentheses
|\overbrace { ... }
| <code>\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )</code>
|<math>\overbrace { ABC }</math>
| <math>\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )</math>
|-
|-
|Klammer drunter
| Brackets
|\underbrace { ... }
| <code>\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack</code>
|<math>\underbrace { ABC }</math>
| <math>\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack</math>
<!--- KLAPPT NICHT SO WIE IN DER TEX-DOKU BESCHRIEBEN!
|-
|-
|Klammer drüber
| Braces
|\overbrace { ABC }^{123}
| <code>\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace</code>
|<math>\overbrace { ABC }^{123}</math>
| <math>\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace</math>
|-
|-
|Klammer drunter
| Angle brackets
|\underbrace { ABC }_{123}
| <code>\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle</code>
|<math>\underbrace { ABC }_{123}</math>
| <math>\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle</math>
-->
|-
|-
|}
| Bars and double bars
 
| <code><nowiki>\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|</nowiki></code>
=== Funktionsnamen ===
| <math>\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|</math>
{| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
| valign="top"|
{| class="prettytable"
|-
|-
|\arccos
| Floor and ceiling functions:
|<math>\arccos</math>
| <code>\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil</code>
| <math>\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil</math>
|-
|-
|\arcsin
| Slashes and backslashes
|<math>\arcsin</math>
| <code>\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash</code>
| <math>\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash</math>
|-
|-
|\arctan
| Up, down and up-down arrows
|<math>\arctan</math>
| <code>\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow</code>
| <math>\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow</math>
|-
|-
|\arg
| Delimiters can be mixed,<br/>as long as \left and \right match
|<math>\arg</math>
| <code><nowiki>\left [ 0,1 \right )</code> <br/> <code>\left \langle \psi \right |</nowiki></code>
| <math>\left [ 0,1 \right )</math> <br/> <math>\left \langle \psi \right |</math>
|-
|-
|\cos
| Use \left. and \right. if you don't<br/>want a delimiter to appear:
|<math>\cos</math>
| <code>\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X</code>
| <math>\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X</math>
|-
|-
|\cosh
| rowspan="7" | Size of the delimiters
|<math>\cosh</math>
| <code>\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]/<code>
| <math>\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]</math>
|-
|-
|\cot
| <code>\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle</code>
|<math>\cot</math>
| <math>\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle</math>
|-
|-
|\coth
| <code><nowiki>\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \dots \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big|</nowiki></code>
|<math>\coth</math>
| <math>\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \dots \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big|</math>
|-
|-
|\csc
| <code>\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil</code>
|<math>\csc</math>
| <math>\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil</math>
|-
|-
|\deg
| <code>\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow</code>
|<math>\deg</math>
| <math>\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow</math>
|-
|-
|\det
| <code>\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow</code>
|<math>\det</math>
| <math>\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow</math>
|-
|-
| <code>\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash</code>
| <math>\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash</math>
|}
|}
| valign="top"|
 
{| class="prettytable"
== Alphabets and typefaces ==
[[w:Texvc|Texvc]] cannot render arbitrary [[w:Unicode|Unicode]] characters. Those it can handle can be entered by the expressions below.
For others, such as [[w:Cyrillic|Cyrillic]], they can be entered as Unicode or HTML entities in running text, but cannot be used in displayed formulas.
 
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Greek alphabet
|-
|-
|\mathrm d x
|<code><nowiki>\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm d x </math>
|<math>\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\dim
|<code><nowiki>\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu</nowiki></code>
|<math>\dim</math>
|<math>\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\exp
|<code><nowiki>\Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau</nowiki></code>
|<math>\exp</math>
|<math>\Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\gcd
|<code><nowiki>\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega</nowiki></code>
|<math>\gcd</math>
|<math>\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\hom
|<code><nowiki>\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta</nowiki></code>
|<math>\hom</math>
|<math>\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\inf
|<code><nowiki>\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu</nowiki></code>
|<math>\inf</math>
|<math>\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\ker
|<code><nowiki>\nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau</nowiki></code>
|<math>\ker</math>
|<math>\nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\lg
|<code><nowiki>\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega</nowiki></code>
|<math>\lg</math>
|<math>\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\lim
|<code><nowiki>\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa</nowiki></code>
|<math>\lim</math>
|<math>\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\liminf
|<code><nowiki>\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi</nowiki></code>
|<math>\liminf</math>
|<math>\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\limsup
! colspan="2" | Blackboard Bold/Scripts
|<math>\limsup</math>
|-
|-
|\ln
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\ln</math>
|<math>\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|}
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M}</nowiki></code>
| valign="top"|
|<math>\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M} \,\!</math>
{| class="prettytable"
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\log
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\log</math>
|<math>\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\max
| <code><nowiki>\C \N \Q \R \Z</nowiki></code>
|<math>\max</math>
|<math>\C \N \Q \R \Z</math>
|-
|-
|\min
! colspan="2" | boldface (vectors)
|<math>\min</math>
|-
|-
|\Pr
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Pr</math>
|<math>\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\sec
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\sec</math>
|<math>\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\sin
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\sin</math>
|<math>\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\sinh
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\sinh</math>
|<math>\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\sup
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\sup</math>
|<math>\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\tan
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\tan</math>
|<math>\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\tanh
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\tanh</math>
|<math>\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\bmod
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>a \bmod b</math>
|<math>\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|}
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|}
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}</nowiki></code>
==== Hinweis zu den Funktionsnamen ====
|<math>\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}\,\!</math>
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="margin:auto;"
|-
|-
| style="background-color:#00FF00" | Standardfunktionen (richtig)
! colspan="2" | Boldface (greek)
| style="background-color:#00FF00" | \sin x + \ln y +\operatorname{sgn}\, z
| style="background-color:#00FF00" | <math>\sin x + \ln y +\operatorname{sgn}\, z</math>
|-
|-
| style="background-color:#FF0000" | Standardfunktionen (falsch)
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta}</nowiki></code>
| style="background-color:#FF0000" | sin x + ln y + sgn z
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta} \,\!</math>
| style="background-color:#FF0000" | <math>sin x + ln y + sgn z\,</math>  
|-
|}
 
=== Brüche, Matrizen, mehrzeilige Gleichungen ===
{| class="prettytable"
|- {{highlight1}}
! Darzustellen               
! Syntax   
! So sieht's gerendert aus
|-
|-
|Brüche
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}</nowiki></code>
|\frac{2}{4} oder {2 \over 4}    
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}\,\!</math>
|<math>\frac{2}{4}</math>
|-
|-
|Binomialkoeffizienten
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}</nowiki></code>
|{n \choose k}  
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}\,\!</math>
|<math>{n \choose k}</math>
|-
|-
| rowspan="6"|Matrizen 
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}</nowiki></code>
|\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}  
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}\,\!</math>
|<math>\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}</math>
|-
|-
|\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 1 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 2 & \cdots & 3\end{bmatrix}  
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 1 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 2 & \cdots & 3\end{bmatrix} </math>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix}  
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix}</math>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}  
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}</math>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}  
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}</math>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix}  
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix}</math>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|Fallunterscheidungen
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}</nowiki></code>
|f(n)=\begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{wenn }n\mbox{ gerade} \\ 3n+1, & \mbox{wenn }n\mbox{ ungerade} \end{cases}
|<math>\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}\,\!</math>
|<math>f(n)=\begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{wenn }n\mbox{ gerade} \\ 3n+1, & \mbox{wenn }n\mbox{ ungerade} \end{cases} </math>
|-
|-
|mehrzeilige Gleichungen
! colspan="2" | Italics
|\begin{matrix}f(n+1)&=& (n+1)^2 \\ \ &=& n^2 + 2n + 1\end{matrix}
|<math>\begin{matrix}f(n+1)&=& (n+1)^2 \\ \ &=& n^2 + 2n + 1\end{matrix}</math>
|-
|-
|}
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G}</nowiki></code>
 
|<math>\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G} \,\!</math>
=== Klammern und Begrenzungssymbole ===
 
Runde oder eckige Klammern können im Regelfall einfach wie gewohnt eingegeben werden (<tt>f(x),<nowiki>a[y]</nowiki></tt>: <math>f(x),a[y]\,</math>). Geschweifte Klammern erhält man mit <tt>\{</tt> und <tt>\}</tt>, spitze Klammern mit <tt>\langle</tt> und <tt>\rangle</tt> (''nicht'' &lt; und &gt;):
:{| border="0" cellspacing="10"
| ''richtig:'' <tt>1=\langle x,y\rangle</tt>
| ''falsch:'' <tt>1=<x,y></tt>
|-
|-
| ''richtig:'' <math>1=\langle x,y\rangle\,</math>
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M}</nowiki></code>
| ''falsch:'' <math>1=<x,y>\,</math>
|<math>\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M} \,\!</math>
|}
 
Sollen die Klammern größere Objekte wie z.B. Brüche umschließen, muss man das durch <tt>\left</tt> und <tt>\right</tt> ankündigen:
: <tt>\left( \frac{x+2}{x^3+7} \right\rangle</tt>
: <math>\left( \frac{x+2}{x^3+7} \right\rangle</math>
<tt>\left</tt> und <tt>\right</tt> müssen paarweise auftreten. Wenn auf einer Seite keine Klammer oder Begrenzungssymbol stehen soll, so folgt einfach ein Punkt <tt>\left.</tt> oder <tt>\right.</tt> nach dem left oder right Befehl. (Für den Spezialfall einer Fallunterscheidung gibt es die Umgebung <tt>cases</tt>, siehe oben.)
 
==== Liste der Begrenzungssymbole ====
{| class="prettytable"
|- {{highlight1}}
! Darzustellen               
! Syntax   
! So sieht's gerendert aus
|-
|-
|Runde Klammern
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T}</nowiki></code>
|(A)
|<math>\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T} \,\!</math>
|<math>(A)</math>
|-
|-
|Eckige Klammern
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z}</nowiki></code>
|[A]
|<math>\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z} \,\!</math>
 
\lbrack \rbrack
|<math>[A]</math>
 
<math>\lbrack \rbrack</math>
|-
|-
|Geschweifte Klammern
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g}</nowiki></code>
|\{ A\}
|<math>\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g} \,\!</math>
 
\lbrace \rbrace
|<math>\{ A\}</math>
 
<math>\lbrace \rbrace</math>
|-
|-
|Abrundungsklammer
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m}</nowiki></code>
|\lfloor A \rfloor
|<math>\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m} \,\!</math>
|<math>\lfloor A \rfloor</math>
|-
|-
|Aufrundungsklammer
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t}</nowiki></code>
|\lceil A \rceil
|<math>\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t} \,\!</math>
|<math>\lceil A \rceil</math>
|-
|-
|Gewinkelte Klammern
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z}</nowiki></code>
|\langle A \rangle
|<math>\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z} \,\!</math>
|<math>\langle A \rangle</math>
|-
|-
|Betragsstriche
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4}</nowiki></code>
|<nowiki>\left| A \right|</nowiki>
|<math>\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4} \,\!</math>
 
\vert
|<math>\left| A \right|</math>
 
<math>\vert </math>
|-
|-
|Matrix
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}</nowiki></code>
|<nowiki>\| A t\|</nowiki>
|<math>\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}\,\!</math>
 
\Vert
|<math>\| A \|</math>
 
<math>\Vert </math>
|-
|-
|Verwendung von \left. und \right., wenn man keinen Abgrenzer anzeigen will :
! colspan="2" | Roman typeface
| \left. {A \over B} \right\} \to X
|<math>\left. {A \over B} \right\} \to X</math>
|-
|-
|}
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G}</nowiki></code>
 
|<math>\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G} \,\!</math>
==== große Ausdrücke in Klammern ====
{| class="prettytable"
|-
|-
|Unschön
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M}</nowiki></code>
|( \frac{1}{2} )         
|<math>\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M} \,\!</math>
|<math> ( \frac{1}{2} ) </math>  
|-
|-
|Besser 
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T}</nowiki></code>
| \left( \frac{1}{2} \right)
|<math>\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T} \,\!</math>
|<math> \left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) </math>
|-
|-
|}
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z}</nowiki></code>
 
|<math>\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z} \,\!</math>
=== Pfeile ===
{| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
| valign="top"|
{| class="prettytable"
|-
|-
|\downarrow
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\downarrow</math>
|<math>\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\Downarrow
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Downarrow</math>
|<math>\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\hookleftarrow
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\hookleftarrow</math>
|<math>\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\hookrightarrow
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\hookrightarrow</math>
|<math>\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\leftarrow
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\leftarrow</math>
|<math>\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\Leftarrow
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Leftarrow</math>
|<math>\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\leftrightarrow
! colspan="2" | Fraktur typeface
|<math>\leftrightarrow</math>
|-
|-
|\Leftrightarrow
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Leftrightarrow</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\longleftarrow
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\longleftarrow</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|}
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T}</nowiki></code>
| valign="top"|
|<math>\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T} \,\!</math>
{| class="prettytable"
|-
|-
|\Longleftarrow
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Longleftarrow</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\Longleftrightarrow
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Longleftrightarrow</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\longmapsto
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\longmapsto</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\longrightarrow
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\longrightarrow</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\Longrightarrow
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Longrightarrow</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\mapsto
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mapsto</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\nearrow
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\nearrow</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\nwarrow
! colspan="2" | Calligraphy/Script
|<math>\nwarrow</math>
|-
|-
|}
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G}</nowiki></code>
| valign="top"|
|<math>\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G} \,\!</math>
{| class="prettytable"
|-
|-
|\rightarrow
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\rightarrow</math>
|<math>\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\Rightarrow
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Rightarrow</math>
|<math>\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\searrow
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\searrow</math>
|<math>\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\swarrow
! colspan="2" | Hebrew
|<math>\swarrow</math>
|-
|-
|\uparrow
|<code><nowiki>\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth</nowiki></code>
|<math>\uparrow</math>
|<math>\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth\,\!</math>
|}
 
 
{|  class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Syntax
!  colspan="2" | How it looks rendered
|-
| non-italicised characters
| <code><nowiki>\mbox{abc}</nowiki></code>
| <math>\mbox{abc}</math>
| <math>\mbox{abc} \,\!</math>
|-
| mixed italics (bad)
| <code><nowiki>\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}</nowiki></code>
| <math>\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}</math>
| <math>\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even} \,\!</math>
|-
| mixed italics (good)
| <code><nowiki>\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}</nowiki></code>
| <math>\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}</math>
| <math>\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \,\!</math>
|-
| mixed italics (more legible: ~ is a non-breaking space, while "\ " forces a space)
| <code><nowiki>\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even}</nowiki></code>
| <math>\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even}</math>
| <math>\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even} \,\!</math>
|}
 
== Color ==
 
Equations can use color:
 
*<code>{\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}</code>
*:<math>{\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}</math>
 
*<code>x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}</code>
*:<math>x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>
 
It is also possible to change the background color, as in the following example:
{| class=wikitable
|-
|-
|\Uparrow
! Background
|<math>\Uparrow</math>
! Wikicode
! Rendering (in PNG)
|-
|-
|\updownarrow
! rowspan=2 | White
|<math>\updownarrow</math>
| <code>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</code>
| <math>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|\Updownarrow
| <code>'''\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}'''e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</code>
|<math>\Updownarrow</math>
| <math>\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!</math></span>
|-
|-
|}
! rowspan=2 | Orange
| <code>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</code>
| style="background-color:orange;" | <math>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!</math>
|-
|-
| <code>'''\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}'''e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</code>
| style="background-color:orange;" | <math>\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!</math>
|}
|}


=== Platz zwischen Zeichen ===
See here for [http://oregonstate.edu/%7Epeterseb/tex/samples/docs/color-package-demo.pdf all named colors] supported by LaTeX.


Für manuelle Kontrolle der Leerzeichen stellt Tex folgende Befehle zur Verfügung.
Note that color should not be used as the ''only'' way to identify something, because it will become meaningless on black-and-white media or for color-blind people.  See [[en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Color coding]].
{| class="prettytable"
 
|- {{highlight1}}
== Formatting issues ==
! Darzustellende Leerzeichen
=== Spacing ===
! Syntax    
Note that TeX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control.  
! So sieht’s gerendert aus
 
|-
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
| 8-fach
! Feature
| a \qquad b
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|-  
| double quad space
| <code><nowiki>a \qquad b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a \qquad b</math>
| <math>a \qquad b</math>
|-
|-  
| 4-fach
| quad space
| a \quad b  
| <code><nowiki>a \quad b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a \quad b</math>
| <math>a \quad b</math>
|-
|-  
| viel Platz
| text space
| a\ b
| <code><nowiki>a\ b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a\ b</math>
| <math>a\ b</math>
|-
|-  
| mittel Platz
| text space without PNG conversion
| a\;b  
| <code><nowiki>a \mbox{ } b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a \mbox{ } b</math>
|-
| large space
| <code><nowiki>a\;b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a\;b</math>
| <math>a\;b</math>
|-
|-  
| wenig Platz
| medium space
| a\,b
| <code><nowiki>a\&gt;b</nowiki></code>
| [not supported]
|-
| small space
| <code><nowiki>a\,b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a\,b</math>
| <math>a\,b</math>
|-
|-  
| kein Platz
| no space
| ab
| <code><nowiki>ab</nowiki></code>
| <math>ab\,</math>
| <math>ab\,</math>
|-
|-  
| negativer Platz
| small negative space
| a\!b
| <code><nowiki>a\!b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a\!b</math>
| <math>a\!b</math>
|-
|}
|}


== Vertikale Ausrichtung ==
Automatic spacing may be broken in very long expressions (because they produce an overfull hbox in TeX):
Im Standard-[[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] wird der folgende Befehl verwendet:
:<code><nowiki><math>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</math></nowiki></code>
:<math>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</math>
This can be remedied by putting a pair of braces { } around the whole expression:
:<code><nowiki><math>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</math></nowiki></code>
:<math>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</math>
 
=== Alignment with normal text flow ===
Due to the default css


<pre>img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }</pre>
<pre>img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }</pre>


Eine Formel wie <math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math> wird damit korrekt ausgerichtet.
an inline expression like <math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math> should look good.


Wenn das nicht funktioniert kann man stattdessen <tt><nowiki><font style="vertical-align:-100%;"><math>...</math></font></nowiki></tt> verwenden und den Wert von <tt>vertical-align</tt> verändern bis die Ausrichtung stimmt. Jedoch kann die Ausrichtung stark vom verwendeten Webbrowser abhängig sein.
If you need to align it otherwise, use <code><nowiki><math style="vertical-align:-100%;">...</math></nowiki></code> and play with the <code>vertical-align</code> argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.
==Weitere Beispiele==
<table border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;">


<tr>
Also note that if you rely on this workaround, if/when the rendering on the server gets fixed in future releases, as a result of this extra manual offset your formulae will suddenly be aligned incorrectly. So use it sparingly, if at all.
<th>Angabe</th>
<th>Syntax</th>
<th>Wie es aussieht</th>
</tr>


<tr>
=== Forced PNG rendering ===
<td>Schlecht</td>
<td>( \frac{1}{2} )</td>
<td><math>( \frac{1}{2} )</math></td>
</tr>


<tr>
To force the formula to render as PNG, add <code>\,</code> (small space) at the end of the formula (where it is not rendered).  This will force PNG if the user is in "HTML if simple" mode, but not for "HTML if possible" mode (math rendering settings in [[Help:Preferences|preferences]]).
<td>Gut</td>
<td>\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )</td>
<td><math>\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )</math></td>
</tr>


</table>
You can also use <code>\,\!</code> (small space and negative space, which cancel out) anywhere inside the math tags.  This ''does'' force PNG even in "HTML if possible" mode, unlike <code>\,</code>.


Man kann verschiedene Begrenzungen verwenden mit \left und \right:
This could be useful to keep the rendering of formulae in a proof consistent, for example, or to fix formulae that render incorrectly in HTML (at one time, a^{2+2} rendered with an extra underscore), or to demonstrate how something is rendered when it would normally show up as HTML (as in the examples above).


<table border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;">
For instance:


<tr>
<th>Angabe</th>
<th>Syntax</th>
<th>Wie es aussieht</th>
</tr>


<tr>
{|  border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
<td>runde Klammern</td>
! Syntax
<td>\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )</td>
! How it looks rendered
<td><math>\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )</math></td>
|-
</tr>
| <code><nowiki>a^{c+2}</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{\,\!c+2}</math>
|-
| <code><nowiki>a^{c+2} \,</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{c+2} \,</math>
|-
| <code><nowiki>a^{\,\!c+2}</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{\,\!c+2}</math>
|-
| <code><nowiki>a^{b^{c+2}}</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{b^{c+2}}</math> (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
|-
| <code><nowiki>a^{b^{c+2}} \,</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{b^{c+2}} \,</math> (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
|-
| <code><nowiki>a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5</math> (due to "<math>\approx</math>" correctly displayed, no code "\,\!" needed)
|-
| <code><nowiki>a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}</math>
|-
| <code><nowiki>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</nowiki></code>
| <math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
|}


<tr>
<td>eckige Klammern</td>
<td>\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack</td>
<td><math>\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack</math></td>
</tr>


<tr>
This has been tested with most of the formulae on this page, and seems to work perfectly.
<td>geschweifte Klammern</td>
<td>\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace</td>
<td><math>\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace</math></td>
</tr>


<tr>
You might want to include a comment in the HTML so people don't "correct" the formula by removing it:
<td>spitze Klammern</td>
<td>\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle</td>
<td><math>\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle</math></td>
</tr>


<tr>
:''<nowiki><!-- The \,\! is to keep the formula rendered as PNG instead of HTML.  Please don't remove it.--></nowiki>''
<td>senkrechte Striche und Doppelstriche</td>
<td>\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|</td>
<td><math>\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|</math></td>
</tr>


<tr>
== Commutative diagrams ==
<td>nach unten oder oben offene Klammern:</td>
To make a [[en:Commutative diagram|commutative diagram]], there are three steps:
<td>\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil</td>
* Write the diagram in [[en:TeX|TeX]]
<td><math>\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil</math></td>
* Convert to [[en:SVG|SVG]]
</tr>
* [[commons:Commons:First steps/Upload form|Upload the file]] to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]


<tr>
=== Diagrams in TeX ===
<td>Schrägstriche</td>
[http://www.tug.org/applications/Xy-pic/ Xy-pic] ([http://tex.loria.fr/graph-pack/doc-xypic/xyguide-html/xyguide-html.html online manual]) is the most powerful and general-purpose diagram package in [[TeX]].
<td>\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash</td>
<td><math>\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash</math></td>
</tr>


<tr>
Simpler packages include:
<td>Aufwärts, abwärts Pfeile</td>
* [[en:American Mathematical Society|AMS]]'s [http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amscd.html amscd]
<td>\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow</td>
* Paul Taylor's [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/generic/diagrams/taylor/ diagrams]
<td><math>\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow</math></td>
* François Borceux [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/entries/borceux.html Diagrams]
</tr>


<tr>
The following is a template for Xy-pic, together with a [[en:Hack (technology)|hack]] to increase the [[en:Margin (typography)|margins]] in [[en:dvips|dvips]], so that the diagram is not truncated by over-eager cropping
<td>
(suggested in [[en:TUGboat|TUGboat]] [http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb17-3/tb52rahtz.pdf TUGboat, Volume 17 1996, No. 3]):
Begrenzer können auch gemischt werden,<br/>so lange \left und \right übereinstimmt
<pre>
</td>
\documentclass{amsart}
<td>
\usepackage[all, ps]{xy} % Loading the XY-Pic package
\left [ 0,1 \right )<br/>\left \langle \psi \right |
                        % Using postscript driver for smoother curves
</td>
\usepackage{color}      % For invisible frame
<td>
\begin{document}
<math>\left [ 0,1 \right )</math><br/><math>\left \langle \psi \right |</math>
\thispagestyle{empty} % No page numbers
</td>
\SelectTips{eu}{}    % Euler arrowheads (tips)
</tr>
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt} % Frame box margin
{\color{white}\framebox{{\color{black}$$ % Frame for margin


<tr>
\xymatrix{ % The diagram is a 3x3 matrix
<td>Verwende <pre>\left.</pre> und <pre>\right.</pre> wenn keine Klammer<br/>erscheinen soll:</td>
%%% Diagram goes here %%%
<td>\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X</td>
}
<td><math>\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X</math></td>
</tr>


<tr>
$$}}} % end math, end frame
<td rowspan="5">Größe der Begrenzungen</td>
\end{document}
<td>\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( ... \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]</td>
</pre>
<td colspan="2">
<math>\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( ... \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]</math>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ ... \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle</td>
<td colspan="2">
<math>\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ ... \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle</math>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| ... \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big|</td>
<td colspan="2"><math>\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| ... \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big|</math></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor ... \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil</td>
<td colspan="2">
<math>\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor ... \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil</math>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow ... \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow</td>
<td colspan="2">
<math>\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow ... \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow</math>
</td>
</tr>


</table>
=== Convert to SVG ===
Once you have produced your diagram in LaTeX (or TeX), you can convert it to an SVG file using the following sequence of commands:


==Was nur teilweise geht==
<pre>
=== Binäre Operatoren ===
pdflatex file.tex
<math>\ominus \odot \oslash \ast \bigcirc \bigtriangledown \bigtriangleup \diamond \div \uplus</math>
pdfcrop --clip file.pdf tmp.pdf
pdf2svg tmp.pdf file.svg
  (rm tmp.pdf at the end)
</pre>
pdflatex and the [http://pdfcrop.sourceforge.net pdfcrop] and [http://www.cityinthesky.co.uk/pdf2svg.html pdf2svg] utilities are needed for this procedure.


\ominus, \odot, \oslash, \ast, \bigcirc, \bigtriangledown, \bigtriangleup, \diamond, \div,  '''\lhd''', '''\rhd''', '''\unlhd''', \uplus, '''\unrhd'''
If you do not have these programs, you can also use the commands


=== Binäre Vergleiche ===
<pre>
latex file.tex
dvipdfm file.dvi
</pre>


<math>\asymp \bowtie \dashv \doteq \prec \preceq \propto \sqsubseteq \sqsupseteq \succ \succeq</math>
to get a PDF version of your diagram.


\asymp, \bowtie, \dashv, \doteq, '''\Join''', \prec, \preceq, \propto, \sqsubseteq, \sqsupseteq, \succ, \succeq
==== Programs ====
In general, you will not be able to get anywhere with diagrams without TeX and Ghostscript, and the <code>inkscape</code> program is a useful tool for creating or modifying your diagrams by hand.  There is also a utility <code>pstoedit</code> which supports direct conversion from Postscript files to many vector graphics formats, but it requires a non-free plugin to convert to SVG, and regardless of the format, [[w:user:Ryan Reich|this editor]] has not been successful in using it to convert diagrams with diagonal arrows from TeX-created files.


=== Negation ===
These programs are:
* a working TeX distribution, such as TeX Live
* Ghostscript
* pstoedit
* Inkscape


<math>\not\asymp \not\prec \not\sqsubseteq \not\sqsupseteq \not\succ \not\succeq</math>
=== Upload the file ===


\not\asymp, \not\prec, \not\preqeq, '''\not\sym''', \not\sqsubseteq, \not\sqsupseteq, \not\succ, \not\succeq
As the diagram is your own work, upload it to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]], so that all projects (notably, all languages) can use it without having to copy it to their language's Wiki. (If you've previously uploaded a file to somewhere other than Commons, [[en:Wikipedia:Moving images to the Commons|transwiki it]] to Commons.)


=== Pfeile ===
;Check size: Before uploading, check that the default size of the image is neither too large nor too small by opening in an [[SVG#Support in applications|SVG application]] and viewing at default size (100% scaling), otherwise adjust the <tt>-y</tt> option to <tt>dvips</tt>.
;Name: Make sure the file has a [[en:Wikipedia:Naming_conventions|meaningful name]].
;Upload: [[commons:Special:Userlogin|Login to Wikimedia Commons]], then <span class="plainlinks">[http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&uselang=ownwork upload the file]</span>; for the '''Summary''', give a brief description.
Now go to the [[en:Help:Image page|image page]] and add a [[commons:Commons:First steps/Quality and description#Good file descriptions|description]], including the '''source code''', using this template (using <tt>{{[[commons:Template:Information|Information]]}}</tt>):


<math>\leftharpoondown \leftharpoonup \rightharpoondown \rightharpoonup \rightleftharpoons \longleftrightarrow</math>
<nowiki>{{</nowiki>Information
|Description =
<nowiki>{{</nowiki>en| '''Description <nowiki>[[</nowiki>:en:Link to WP page|topic]]'''
}}
|Source = <nowiki>{{</nowiki>own}}


'''\leadsto''' \leftharpoondown \leftharpoonup \rightharpoondown \rightharpoonup \rightleftharpoons \longleftrightarrow
Created as per:
<nowiki>[[</nowiki>:en:meta:Help:Displaying a formula#Commutative diagrams]]; source code below.
|Date = '''The Creation Date, like 1999-12-31'''
|Author = '''<nowiki>[[</nowiki>User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]'''
|Permission = Public domain; '''(or [[commons:Licensing#Well-known_licenses|other license]])''' see below.
}}
== LaTeX source ==
&lt;source lang="latex">
'''% LaTeX source here'''
&lt;/source>
== <nowiki>[[</nowiki>Commons:Copyright tags|Licensing]]: ==
<nowiki>{{</nowiki>self|PD-self '''(or [[commons:Licensing#Well-known_licenses|other license]])'''|author='''<nowiki>[[</nowiki>User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]'''}}
<nowiki>[[</nowiki>Category:'''Descriptive categories, such as "Group theory"''']]
<nowiki>[[</nowiki>Category:Commutative diagrams]]


=== Klammern und Begrenzungssymbole ===
;Source code:
* Include the source code in the [[en:Help:Image page|image page]], in a <tt>LaTeX source</tt> section, so that the diagram can be edited in future.
* Include the complete <tt>.tex</tt> file, not just the fragment, so future editors do not need to reconstruct a compilable file.
;License: The most common license for commutative diagrams is <tt>[[commons:Template:PD-self|PD-self]]</tt>; some use <tt>[[commons:Template:PD-ineligible|PD-ineligible]]</tt>, especially for simple diagrams, or other licenses. Please ''do not'' use the [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html GFDL], as it requires the entire text of the GFDL to be attached to any document that uses the diagram.
;Description: If possible, link to a Wikipedia page relevant to the diagram.
;Category: Include <tt><nowiki>[[Category:Commutative diagrams]]</nowiki></tt>, so that it appears in [[commons:Category:Commutative diagrams]]. There are also subcategories, which you may choose to use.
;Include image: Now include the image on the original page via <tt><nowiki>[[Image:Diagram.svg]]</nowiki></tt>


'''\lgroup''' '''\rgroup''' '''\lmoustache''' '''\rmoustache'''
=== Examples ===
A sample conforming diagram is [[commons:Image:PSU-PU.svg]].


=== Sonstige ===
== Examples ==
{|class="prettytable"
 
! Funktion !! kann ersetzt werden durch !! Nachteil
<center>
|-
===Quadratic Polynomial===
| <tt>\overset{x}{y}</tt> || <tt>\begin{matrix} {x} \\ {y} \\ \, \end{matrix}</tt> || x wird nicht verkleinert
<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math>
|-
| <tt>\begin{array}{ll}</tt> || <tt>\begin{matrix}</tt> || wird zentriert ausgerichtet
<nowiki><math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math></nowiki>
|-
 
| <tt>\unit{nF}</tt> || <tt>{\rm nF}, \mbox{Text}, \mathrm{Text}</tt>
===Quadratic Polynomial (Force PNG Rendering)===
|rowspan="3"|Fehlende Semantik
<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,\!</math>
|-
| <tt>\text{Text}</tt> || <tt>{\rm Text}, \mbox{Text}, \mathrm{Text}</tt>
<nowiki><math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,\!</math></nowiki>
|-
 
| <tt>{f\"{u}r}</tt> || <tt>{f{\ddot u}r}</tt>
===Quadratic Formula===
|}
<math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>
<nowiki><math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math></nowiki>
 
===Tall Parentheses and Fractions ===
<math>2 = \left( \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x} \right)</math>
<nowiki><math>2 = \left(
\frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x}
\right)</math></nowiki>
 
<math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>
<nowiki>
  <math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>
</nowiki>
 
===Integrals===
<math>\int_a^x \!\!\!\int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math>
<nowiki><math>\int_a^x \!\!\!\int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds
= \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math></nowiki>
 
===Summation===
  <math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}{3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math>
<nowiki><math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}
{3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math></nowiki>
 
=== Differential Equation ===
  <math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math>
<nowiki><math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math></nowiki>
 
===Complex numbers===
<math>|\bar{z}| = |z|, |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n, \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math>
<nowiki><math>|\bar{z}| = |z|,
|(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n,
\arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math></nowiki>


=== Fehler im Formelsubsystem von Wikipedia ===
===Limits===
<math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math>
<nowiki><math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math></nowiki>


Ein Fehler ist die Ausrichtung der Beschriftung bei Unterklammerung. Die Beschriftung erfolgt seitlich neben der Klammer statt zentriert unterhalb der Klammer.
===Integral Equation===
<math>\phi_n(\kappa)
= \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}  \frac{\partial}{\partial R}  \left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math>
<nowiki><math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
\frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty
\frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}
\frac{\partial}{\partial R}
\left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math></nowiki>


<math>\varphi(\vec r)\approx \underbrace{\frac{Q_{\rm ges}}{4\cdot\pi\cdot\varepsilon\cdot\Vert\vec r\Vert}}_{\rm Monopol-}+\underbrace{\frac{\vec r\cdot P_1}{4\cdot\pi\cdot\varepsilon\cdot\Vert\vec r\Vert^3}}_{\rm Dipolannaeherung}</math>
===Example===
<math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math>
<nowiki><math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad
\frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math></nowiki>


  <nowiki>
===Continuation and cases===
  <math>\varphi(\vec r)\approx \underbrace{\frac{Q_{\rm ges}}{4\cdot\pi\cdot\varepsilon\cdot\Vert
<math>f(x) = \begin{cases}1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
        \vec r\Vert}}_{\rm Monopol-}+\underbrace{\frac{\vec r\cdot P_1}{4\cdot\pi\cdot\varepsilon
\frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\ 1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}\end{cases}</math>
        \cdot\Vert\vec r\Vert^3}}_{\rm Dipolannaeherung}
  </math>
<nowiki><math>
  </nowiki>
f(x) =
\begin{cases}
1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
\frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\
1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}
\end{cases}
</math></nowiki>


Vermeiden kann man dieses Verhalten, in dem man die Umgebung <nowiki>\begin{matrix}...\end{matrix}</nowiki> anwendet, innerhalb derer einzelne Zeilen durch den Zeilenwechsel <nowiki>\\</nowiki> abgetrennt und übereinander angeordnet werden:
===Prefixed subscript===
<math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}\frac{z^n}{n!}</math>
<nowiki> <math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z)
= \sum_{n=0}^\infty
\frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}
\frac{z^n}{n!}</math></nowiki>


<math>\varphi(\vec r)\approx
===Fraction and small fraction===
\begin{matrix}\ \\
<math> \frac {a}{b}</math> &emsp; <math> \tfrac {a}{b} </math>
  \underbrace{\frac{Q_{\rm ges}}{4\cdot\pi\cdot\varepsilon\cdot\Vert\vec r\Vert}} \\
<nowiki><math> \frac {a}{b}\ \tfrac {a}{b} </math></nowiki>
  \textrm{Monopolannaeherung}
\end{matrix}+
\begin{matrix}
  \underbrace{\frac{\vec r\cdot P_1}{4\cdot\pi\cdot\varepsilon\cdot\Vert\vec r\Vert^3}} \\
  {}^{\rm Dipolannaeherung}\\[-4.5ex]
\end{matrix}
</math>


  <nowiki>
</center>
  <math>\varphi(\vec r)\approx
        \begin{matrix}\ \\
          \underbrace{\frac{Q_{\rm ges}}{4\cdot\pi\cdot\varepsilon\cdot\Vert\vec r\Vert}} \\
          \textrm{Monopolannaeherung}
        \end{matrix}+
        \begin{matrix}
          \underbrace{\frac{\vec r\cdot P_1}{4\cdot\pi\cdot\varepsilon\cdot\Vert\vec r\Vert^3}} \\
          {}^{\rm Dipolannaeherung}\\[-4.5ex]
        \end{matrix}
  </math>
  </nowiki>
Nachteile (vgl. 1. Summand): (a) Die Beschriftung ist größer als gewünscht und (b) die Grundlinie der Formel wird verfälscht: nicht mehr die eigentliche Formel bildet die Grundlinie, sondern die Mitte der Matrixumgebung.


Abhilfe (vgl. 2. Summand): (a) Den Text als Superskript und mit <nowiki>\rm</nowiki> schreiben, also <nowiki>{}^{\rm ...}</nowiki>. (b) Vertikale Ausrichtung durch <nowiki>\\[neg. Abstand]</nowiki> nach der letzten Matrixzeile korrigieren.
==Bug reports==
Discussions, bug reports and feature requests should go to the Wikitech-l mailing list. These can also be filed on [[Bugzilla:|Mediazilla]] under ''MediaWiki extensions''.


== Weblinks ==
==Future==
* {{wpd|Hilfe:TeX}} - eine sehr ausführliche Hilfe zur Benutzung von mathematischen Zeichen mit TeX
In the future, as more browsers are smarter, it will be able to generate enhanced HTML or even [[w:MathML|MathML]] in many cases.  (See [[mw:blahtex|blahtex]] for information about current work on adding MathML support.)
* {{wikischool|WikiSchool:TeX|WikiSchool:TeX}}: Von dort stammen die meisten der hier dargebotenen Informationen.


==Notes==
<references/>


== External links ==
*[http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwilkins/LaTeXPrimer/ A LaTeX tutorial].
*A [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/gentle/gentle.pdf paper introducing TeX]—see page 39 onwards for a good introduction to the maths side of things.
*A [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf paper introducing LaTeX]—skip to page 49 for the math section. See page 63 for a complete reference list of symbols included in LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX.
*[http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-letter.pdf The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List].
*[http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html AMS-LaTeX guide].
*[http://us.metamath.org/symbols/symbols.html A set of public domain fixed-size math symbol bitmaps].
*[[w:MathML|MathML]]: A product of the [[w:W3C|W3C]] [http://www.w3.org/Math/ Math working group], is a low-level specification for describing mathematics as a basis for machine to machine communication.


{{languages|help:tex}}


[[Kategorie:Help]]
[[Category:help]]

Latest revision as of 17:11, 20 December 2011

Text modified from Wikipedia[1]. It is under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply.

MediaWiki uses a subset of TeX markup, including some extensions from LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX, for mathematical formulae. It generates either PNG images or simple HTML markup, depending on user preferences and the complexity of the expression.

More precisely, MediaWiki filters the markup through Texvc, which in turn passes the commands to TeX for the actual rendering. Thus, only a limited part of the full TeX language is supported; see below for details.

Technicals

Syntax

Traditionally, math markup goes inside the XML-style tag math: <math> ... </math>. The old edit toolbar has a button for this: MediaWiki:Math tip.

However, one can also use parser function #tag: {{#tag:math|...}}; this is more versatile: the wikitext at the dots is first expanded before interpreting the result as TeX code. Thus it can contain parameters, variables, parser functions and templates. Note however that with this syntax double braces in the TeX code must have a space in between, to avoid confusion with their use in template calls etc. Also, to produce the character "|" inside the TeX code, use {{!}}.[2]

In TeX, as in HTML, extra spaces and newlines are ignored.

Rendering

The PNG images are black on white (not transparent). These colors, as well as font sizes and types, are independent of browser settings or CSS. Font sizes and types will often deviate from what HTML renders. Vertical alignment with the surrounding text can also be a problem. The css selector of the images is img.tex. It should be pointed out that solutions to most of these shortcomings have been proposed by Maynard Handley, but have not been implemented yet.

The alt attribute of the PNG images (the text that is displayed if your browser can't display images; Internet Explorer shows it up in the hover box) is the wikitext that produced them, excluding the <math> and </math>.

Apart from function and operator names, as is customary in mathematics for variables, letters are in italics; digits are not. For other text, (like variable labels) to avoid being rendered in italics like variables, use \text, \mbox, or \mathrm. You can also define new function names using \operatorname{...}. For example, <math>\text{abc}</math> gives Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \text{abc}} . This does not work for special characters, they are ignored unless the whole <math> expression is rendered in HTML:

  • <math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ}</math>
  • <math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ}\,</math>

gives:

  • Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ}}
  • Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ}\,}

See bug 798 for details.

Nevertheless, using \mbox instead of \text, more characters are allowed

For example,

  • <math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}</math>
  • <math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}\,</math>

gives:

  • Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}}
  • Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}\,}

But \mbox{ð} and \mbox{þ} will give an error:

  • Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mbox {ð}}
  • Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mbox {þ}}

TeX vs HTML

Before introducing TeX markup for producing special characters, it should be noted that, as this comparison table shows, sometimes similar results can be achieved in HTML.

TeX Syntax (forcing PNG) TeX Rendering HTML Syntax HTML Rendering
<math>\alpha\,\!</math> Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \alpha\,\!} {{math|<VAR>&alpha;</VAR>}} Template:Math
<math>\sqrt{2}</math> Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sqrt{2}} {{math|{{radical|2}}}} Template:Math
<math>\sqrt{1-e^2}</math> Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sqrt{1-e^2}\!} {{math|{{radical|1 − ''e''²}}}} Template:Math

The codes on the left produce the symbols on the right, but the latter can also be put directly in the wikitext, except for ‘=’.

Syntax Rendering 
&alpha; &beta; &gamma; &delta; &epsilon; &zeta;
&eta; &theta; &iota; &kappa; &lambda; &mu; &nu;
&xi; &omicron; &pi; &rho;  &sigma; &sigmaf;
&tau; &upsilon; &phi; &chi; &psi; &omega;
&Gamma; &Delta; &Theta; &Lambda; &Xi; &Pi;
&Sigma; &Phi; &Psi; &Omega;
α β γ δ ε ζ
η θ ι κ λ μ ν
ξ ο π ρ σ ς
τ υ φ χ ψ ω
Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π
Σ Φ Ψ Ω 
&int; &sum; &prod; &radic; &minus; &plusmn; &infin;
&asymp; &prop; {{=}} &equiv; &ne; &le; &ge; 
&times; &middot; &divide; &part; &prime; &Prime;
&nabla; &permil; &deg; &there4; &Oslash; &oslash;
&isin; &notin; 
&cap; &cup; &sub; &sup; &sube; &supe;
&not; &and; &or; &exist; &forall; 
&rArr; &hArr; &rarr; &harr; &uarr; 
&alefsym; - &ndash; &mdash;
∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± ∞
≈ ∝ = ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥
× · ÷ ∂ ′ ″
∇ ‰ ° ∴ Ø ø
∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇
¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀
⇒ ⇔ → ↔ ↑
ℵ - – —

The use of HTML instead of TeX is still under discussion. The arguments either way can be summarised as follows.

Pros of HTML

  1. In-line HTML formulae always align properly with the rest of the HTML text.
  2. The formula’s background and font size match the rest of HTML contents and the appearance respects CSS and browser settings while the typeface is conveniently altered to help you identify formulae.
  3. Pages using HTML code for formulae will load faster and they will create less clutter on your hard disk.
  4. Formulae typeset with HTML code will be accessible to client-side script links (a.k.a. scriptlets).
  5. The display of a formula entered using mathematical templates can be conveniently altered by modifying the templates involved; this modification will affect all relevant formulae without any manual intervention.
  6. The HTML code, if entered diligently, will contain all semantic information to transform the equation back to TeX or any other code as needed. It can even contain differences TeX does not normally catch, e.g. {{math|''i''}} for the imaginary unit and {{math|<VAR>i</VAR>}} for an arbitrary index variable.

Pros of TeX

  1. TeX is semantically superior to HTML. In TeX, "<math>x</math>" means "mathematical variable Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x} ", whereas in HTML "x" could mean anything. Information has been irrevocably lost.
  2. On the other hand, if you encode the same formula as "{{math|<VAR>x</VAR>}}", you get the same visual result Template:Math and no information is lost. This requires diligence and more typing that could make the formula harder to understand as you type it. However, since there are far more readers than editors, this effort is worth considering.
  3. TeX has been specifically designed for typesetting formulae, so input is easier and more natural if you are accustomed to it, and output is more aesthetically pleasing if you focus on a single formula rather than on the whole containing page.
  4. One consequence of point 1 is that TeX code can be transformed into HTML, but not vice-versa.Template:Ref This means that on the server side we can always transform a formula, based on its complexity and location within the text, user preferences, type of browser, etc. Therefore, where possible, all the benefits of HTML can be retained, together with the benefits of TeX. It is true that the current situation is not ideal, but that is not a good reason to drop information/contents. It is more a reason to help improve the situation.
  5. Another consequence of point 1 is that TeX can be converted to MathML for browsers which support it, thus keeping its semantics and allowing the rendering to be better suited for the reader’s graphic device.
  6. When writing in TeX, editors need not worry about whether this or that version of this or that browser supports this or that HTML entity. The burden of these decisions is put on the software. This does not hold for HTML formulae, which can easily end up being rendered wrongly or differently from the editor’s intentions on a different browser.Template:Ref
  7. More importantly, the serif font used for rendering formulae is browser-dependent and it may be missing some important glyphs. While the browser generally capable to substitute a matching glyph from a different font family, it need not be the case for combined glyphs (compare ‘ Template:IPA ’ and ‘ a̅ ’).
  8. TeX is the preferred text formatting language of most professional mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. It is easier to persuade them to contribute if they can write in TeX.
Note: dilHTML
unless your wikitext follows the style of point 2
Note: browsupp
The entity support problem is not limited to mathematical formulae though; it can be easily solved by using the corresponding characters instead of entities, as the character repertoire links do, except for cases where the corresponding glyphs are visually indiscernible (e.g. &ndash; for ‘–’ and &minus; for ‘−’).

Functions, symbols, special characters

Accents/diacritics

\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}\,\!}
\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}\!}

Standard functions

\sin a \cos b \tan c Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sin a \cos b \tan c\!}
\sec d \csc e \cot f Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sec d \csc e \cot f\,\!}
\arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j\,\!}
\sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n\! Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n\!}
\operatorname{sh}\,o\,\operatorname{ch}\,p\,\operatorname{th}\,q\! Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \operatorname{sh}\,o\,\operatorname{ch}\,p\,\operatorname{th}\,q\!}
\operatorname{arsinh}\,r\,\operatorname{arcosh}\,s\,\operatorname{artanh}\,t Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \operatorname{arsinh}\,r\,\operatorname{arcosh}\,s\,\operatorname{artanh}\,t\,\!}
\lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y\! Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y\!}
\inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g\! Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g\!}
\deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n\!}

Modular arithmetic

s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}\,\!}
a\,\bmod\,b Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a\,\bmod\,b\,\!}

Derivatives

\nabla \, \partial x \, dx \, \dot x \, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial x_1\,\partial x_2} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \nabla \, \partial x \, dx \, \dot x \, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial x_1\,\partial x_2}}

Sets

\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing\,\!}
\in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq\,\!}
\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus\,\!}
\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup\,\!}

Operators

+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp - Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle + \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp - \,\!}
\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot\,\!}
\star * / \div \frac{1}{2} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \star * / \div \frac{1}{2}\,\!}

Logic

\land (or \and) \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \land \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p\,\!}
\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And\,\!}

Root

\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}\,\!}

Relations

\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot= \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot= \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}\,\!}
\le < \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \le < \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto\,\!}
\geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox}

Geometric

\Diamond \Box \triangle \angle \perp \mid \nmid \| 45^\circ Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Diamond \, \Box \, \triangle \, \angle \perp \, \mid \; \nmid \, \| 45^\circ\,\!}

Arrows

\leftarrow (or \gets) \rightarrow (or \to) \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \leftarrow \rightarrow \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow \,\!}
\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \Longrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow (or \iff) Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \Longrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \!}
\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow \!}
\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons \,\!}
\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright \,\!}
\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft \,\!}
\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \,\!}

Special

\And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots\,\!}
\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top\,\!}
\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar\,\!}
\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement\,\!}
\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp\,\!}

Unsorted (new stuff)

\vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown}
\blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge\!}
\veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes}
\rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant}
\eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq}
\fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft}
\Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \eqsim \gtrdot Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \eqsim \gtrdot}
\ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq}
\Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \shortparallel \between \pitchfork Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \shortparallel \between \pitchfork}
\varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq}
\lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid}
\nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr}
\subsetneq Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \subsetneq}
\ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq}
\succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq}
\nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq}
\jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus\,\!}
\oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq\,\!}
\dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel\,\!}
\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner}

Larger expressions

Subscripts, superscripts, integrals

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
HTML PNG
Superscript a^2 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a^2} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a^2 \,\!}
Subscript a_2 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a_2} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a_2 \,\!}
Grouping a^{2+2} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a^{2+2}} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a^{2+2}\,\!}
a_{i,j} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a_{i,j}} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a_{i,j}\,\!}
Combining sub & super without and with horizontal separation x_2^3 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_2^3} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_2^3 \,\!}
{x_2}^3 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {x_2}^3} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {x_2}^3 \,\!}
Super super 10^{10^{ \,\!{8} } Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 10^{10^{ \,\! 8 } }}
Super super 10^{10^{ \overset{8}{} }} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 10^{10^{ \overset{8}{} }}}
Super super (wrong in HTML in some browsers) 10^{10^8} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 10^{10^8}}
Preceding and/or Additional sub & super \sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b}
{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4}
Stacking \overset{\alpha}{\omega} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \overset{\alpha}{\omega}}
\underset{\alpha}{\omega} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \underset{\alpha}{\omega}}
\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}}
\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}}
Derivative (forced PNG) x', y'', f', f''\!   Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x', y'', f', f''\!}
Derivative (f in italics may overlap primes in HTML) x', y'', f', f'' Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x', y'', f', f''} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x', y'', f', f''\!}
Derivative (wrong in HTML) x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}\,\!}
Derivative (wrong in PNG) x\prime, y\prime\prime Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x\prime, y\prime\prime} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x\prime, y\prime\prime\,\!}
Derivative dots \dot{x}, \ddot{x} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \dot{x}, \ddot{x}}
Underlines, overlines, vectors \hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c}
\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}}
\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}}
\not 1 \ \cancel{123} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \not 1 \ \cancel{123}}
Arrows A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C}
Overbraces \overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}}
Underbraces \underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}}
Sum \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2}
Sum (force \textstyle) \textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2}
Product \prod_{i=1}^N x_i Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i}
Product (force \textstyle) \textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i}
Coproduct \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i}
Coproduct (force \textstyle) \textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i}
Limit \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n}
Limit (force \textstyle) \textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n}
Integral \int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx}
Integral (alternate limits style) \int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx}
Integral (force \textstyle) \textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx}
Integral (force \textstyle, alternate limits style) \textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx}
Double integral \iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy}
Triple integral \iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz}
Quadruple integral \iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt}
Line or path integral \int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy}
Closed line or path integral \oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy}
Intersections \bigcap_1^n p Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \bigcap_1^n p}
Unions \bigcup_1^k p Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \bigcup_1^k p}

Fractions, matrices, multilines

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
Fractions \frac{1}{2}=0.5 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}=0.5}
Small Fractions \tfrac{1}{2} = 0.5 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tfrac{1}{2} = 0.5}
Large (normal) Fractions \dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{1}{2}}} = a Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{1}{2}}} = a}
Large (nested) Fractions \cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{1}{2}}} = a Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{1}{2}}} = a}
Binomial coefficients \binom{n}{k} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \binom{n}{k}}
Small Binomial coefficients \tbinom{n}{k} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tbinom{n}{k}}
Large (normal) Binomial coefficients \dbinom{n}{k} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \dbinom{n}{k}}
Matrices 
\begin{matrix}
x & y \\
z & v 
\end{matrix}
 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix}} 
\begin{vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v 
\end{vmatrix}
 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}} 
\begin{Vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Vmatrix}
 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}} 
\begin{bmatrix}
0      & \cdots & 0      \\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 
0      & \cdots & 0
\end{bmatrix}
 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & 0\end{bmatrix} } 
\begin{Bmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Bmatrix}
 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix}} 
\begin{pmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v 
\end{pmatrix}
 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}} 
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
a&b\\ c&d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \bigl( \begin{smallmatrix} a&b\\ c&d \end{smallmatrix} \bigr) }
Case distinctions 
f(n) = 
\begin{cases} 
n/2,  & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\
3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} 
\end{cases}
 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} \end{cases} }
Multiline equations 
\begin{align}
f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align}
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\ & = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\ \end{align} } 
\begin{alignat}{2}
f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat}
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{alignat}{2} f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\ & = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\ \end{alignat} }
Multiline equations (must define number of colums used ({lcr}) (should not be used unless needed) 
\begin{array}{lcl}
z        & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z  
\end{array}
 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{lcl} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}}
Multiline equations (more) 
\begin{array}{lcr}
z        & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z     
\end{array}
 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{lcr} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}}
Breaking up a long expression so that it wraps when necessary. 
<math>f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math>
<math>= a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math>
 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n } Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle = a_0 +a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots}
Simultaneous equations 
\begin{cases}
3x + 5y +  z \\
7x - 2y + 4z \\
-6x + 3y + 2z 
\end{cases}
 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z \\ 7x - 2y + 4z \\ -6x + 3y + 2z \end{cases}}
Arrays 
\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\
\hline
0&0&1\\
0&1&1\\
1&0&1\\
1&1&0\\
\end{array}
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\ \hline 0&0&1\\ 0&1&1\\ 1&0&1\\ 1&1&0\\ \end{array} }

Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
Bad ( \frac{1}{2} ) Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle ( \frac{1}{2} )}
Good \left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )}

You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
Parentheses \left ( \frac{a}{b} \right ) Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )}
Brackets \left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack}
Braces \left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace}
Angle brackets \left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle}
Bars and double bars \left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \| Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|}
Floor and ceiling functions: \left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil}
Slashes and backslashes \left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash}
Up, down and up-down arrows \left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow}
Delimiters can be mixed,
as long as \left and \right match 		\left [ 0,1 \right )</code> <br/> <code>\left \langle \psi \right | Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left [ 0,1 \right )}
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left \langle \psi \right |}
Use \left. and \right. if you don't
want a delimiter to appear: 		\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X}
Size of the delimiters \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]/ Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]}
\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle}
\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \dots \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big| Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \dots \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big|}
\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil}
\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow}
\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow}
\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash}

Alphabets and typefaces

Texvc cannot render arbitrary Unicode characters. Those it can handle can be entered by the expressions below. For others, such as Cyrillic, they can be entered as Unicode or HTML entities in running text, but cannot be used in displayed formulas.

Greek alphabet
\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \,\!}
\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \,\!}
\Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau\,\!}
\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega \,\!}
\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \,\!}
\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \,\!}
\nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau \,\!}
\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega \,\!}
\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa \,\!}
\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi\,\!}
Blackboard Bold/Scripts
\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G} \,\!}
\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M} \,\!}
\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T} \,\!}
\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}\,\!}
\C \N \Q \R \Z Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \C \N \Q \R \Z}
boldface (vectors)
\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G} \,\!}
\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M} \,\!}
\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T} \,\!}
\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z} \,\!}
\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g} \,\!}
\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m} \,\!}
\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t} \,\!}
\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z} \,\!}
\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4} \,\!}
\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}\,\!}
Boldface (greek)
\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta} \,\!}
\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}\,\!}
\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}\,\!}
\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}\,\!}
\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}\,\!}
\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}\,\!}
\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}\,\!}
\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}\,\!}
\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa} \,\!}
\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}\,\!}
Italics
\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G} \,\!}
\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M} \,\!}
\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T} \,\!}
\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z} \,\!}
\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g} \,\!}
\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m} \,\!}
\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t} \,\!}
\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z} \,\!}
\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4} \,\!}
\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}\,\!}
Roman typeface
\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G} \,\!}
\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M} \,\!}
\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T} \,\!}
\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z} \,\!}
\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}\,\!}
\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m} \,\!}
\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t} \,\!}
\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z} \,\!}
\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4} \,\!}
\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}\,\!}
Fraktur typeface
\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G} \,\!}
\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M} \,\!}
\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T} \,\!}
\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z} \,\!}
\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g} \,\!}
\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m} \,\!}
\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t} \,\!}
\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z} \,\!}
\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4} \,\!}
\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}\,\!}
Calligraphy/Script
\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G} \,\!}
\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M} \,\!}
\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T} \,\!}
\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}\,\!}
Hebrew
\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \aleph \beth \gimel \daleth\,\!}


Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
non-italicised characters \mbox{abc} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mbox{abc}} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mbox{abc} \,\!}
mixed italics (bad) \mbox{if} n \mbox{is even} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mbox{if} n \mbox{is even} \,\!}
mixed italics (good) \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \,\!}
mixed italics (more legible: ~ is a non-breaking space, while "\ " forces a space) \mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even}} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even} \,\!}

Color

Equations can use color:

  • {\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}
    Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}}
  • x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}
    Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}}

It is also possible to change the background color, as in the following example:

Background Wikicode Rendering (in PNG)
White e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!}
\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!}
Orange e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!}
\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!}

See here for all named colors supported by LaTeX.

Note that color should not be used as the only way to identify something, because it will become meaningless on black-and-white media or for color-blind people. See en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Color coding.

Formatting issues

Spacing

Note that TeX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control.

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
double quad space a \qquad b Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a \qquad b}
quad space a \quad b Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a \quad b}
text space a\ b Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a\ b}
text space without PNG conversion a \mbox{ } b Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a \mbox{ } b}
large space a\;b Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a\;b}
medium space a\>b [not supported]
small space a\,b Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a\,b}
no space ab Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle ab\,}
small negative space a\!b Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a\!b}

Automatic spacing may be broken in very long expressions (because they produce an overfull hbox in TeX):

<math>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</math>
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}

This can be remedied by putting a pair of braces { } around the whole expression:

<math>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</math>
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}}

Alignment with normal text flow

Due to the default css 

img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }

an inline expression like Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx} should look good.

If you need to align it otherwise, use <math style="vertical-align:-100%;">...</math> and play with the vertical-align argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.

Also note that if you rely on this workaround, if/when the rendering on the server gets fixed in future releases, as a result of this extra manual offset your formulae will suddenly be aligned incorrectly. So use it sparingly, if at all.

Forced PNG rendering

To force the formula to render as PNG, add \, (small space) at the end of the formula (where it is not rendered). This will force PNG if the user is in "HTML if simple" mode, but not for "HTML if possible" mode (math rendering settings in preferences).

You can also use \,\! (small space and negative space, which cancel out) anywhere inside the math tags. This does force PNG even in "HTML if possible" mode, unlike \,.

This could be useful to keep the rendering of formulae in a proof consistent, for example, or to fix formulae that render incorrectly in HTML (at one time, a^{2+2} rendered with an extra underscore), or to demonstrate how something is rendered when it would normally show up as HTML (as in the examples above).

For instance:


Syntax How it looks rendered
a^{c+2} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a^{\,\!c+2}}
a^{c+2} \, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a^{c+2} \,}
a^{\,\!c+2} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a^{\,\!c+2}}
a^{b^{c+2}} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a^{b^{c+2}}} (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
a^{b^{c+2}} \, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a^{b^{c+2}} \,} (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5} (due to "Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \approx} " correctly displayed, no code "\,\!" needed)
a^{b^{\,\!c+2}} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}}
\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx}


This has been tested with most of the formulae on this page, and seems to work perfectly.

You might want to include a comment in the HTML so people don't "correct" the formula by removing it:

<!-- The \,\! is to keep the formula rendered as PNG instead of HTML. Please don't remove it.-->

Commutative diagrams

To make a commutative diagram, there are three steps:

Diagrams in TeX

Xy-pic (online manual) is the most powerful and general-purpose diagram package in TeX.

Simpler packages include:

The following is a template for Xy-pic, together with a hack to increase the margins in dvips, so that the diagram is not truncated by over-eager cropping (suggested in TUGboat TUGboat, Volume 17 1996, No. 3): 

\documentclass{amsart}
\usepackage[all, ps]{xy} % Loading the XY-Pic package 
                         % Using postscript driver for smoother curves
\usepackage{color}       % For invisible frame
\begin{document}
\thispagestyle{empty} % No page numbers
\SelectTips{eu}{}     % Euler arrowheads (tips)
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt} % Frame box margin
{\color{white}\framebox{{\color{black}$$ % Frame for margin

\xymatrix{ % The diagram is a 3x3 matrix
%%% Diagram goes here %%%
}

$$}}} % end math, end frame
\end{document}

Convert to SVG

Once you have produced your diagram in LaTeX (or TeX), you can convert it to an SVG file using the following sequence of commands: 

pdflatex file.tex
pdfcrop --clip file.pdf tmp.pdf
pdf2svg tmp.pdf file.svg
  (rm tmp.pdf at the end)

pdflatex and the pdfcrop and pdf2svg utilities are needed for this procedure.

If you do not have these programs, you can also use the commands 

latex file.tex
dvipdfm file.dvi

to get a PDF version of your diagram.

Programs

In general, you will not be able to get anywhere with diagrams without TeX and Ghostscript, and the inkscape program is a useful tool for creating or modifying your diagrams by hand. There is also a utility pstoedit which supports direct conversion from Postscript files to many vector graphics formats, but it requires a non-free plugin to convert to SVG, and regardless of the format, this editor has not been successful in using it to convert diagrams with diagonal arrows from TeX-created files.

These programs are:

  • a working TeX distribution, such as TeX Live
  • Ghostscript
  • pstoedit
  • Inkscape

Upload the file

As the diagram is your own work, upload it to Wikimedia Commons, so that all projects (notably, all languages) can use it without having to copy it to their language's Wiki. (If you've previously uploaded a file to somewhere other than Commons, transwiki it to Commons.)

Check size
Before uploading, check that the default size of the image is neither too large nor too small by opening in an SVG application and viewing at default size (100% scaling), otherwise adjust the -y option to dvips.
Name
Make sure the file has a meaningful name.
Upload
Login to Wikimedia Commons, then upload the file; for the Summary, give a brief description.

Now go to the image page and add a description, including the source code, using this template (using {{Information}}): 

{{Information
|Description =
{{en| Description [[:en:Link to WP page|topic]]
}}
|Source = {{own}}

Created as per: 

[[:en:meta:Help:Displaying a formula#Commutative diagrams]]; source code below.
|Date = The Creation Date, like 1999-12-31
|Author = [[User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]
|Permission = Public domain; (or other license) see below. 
}}

== LaTeX source ==
<source lang="latex">
% LaTeX source here
</source>

== [[Commons:Copyright tags|Licensing]]: ==
{{self|PD-self (or other license)|author=[[User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]}}

[[Category:Descriptive categories, such as "Group theory"]]
[[Category:Commutative diagrams]]
Source code
  • Include the source code in the image page, in a LaTeX source section, so that the diagram can be edited in future.
  • Include the complete .tex file, not just the fragment, so future editors do not need to reconstruct a compilable file.
License
The most common license for commutative diagrams is PD-self; some use PD-ineligible, especially for simple diagrams, or other licenses. Please do not use the GFDL, as it requires the entire text of the GFDL to be attached to any document that uses the diagram.
Description
If possible, link to a Wikipedia page relevant to the diagram.
Category
Include [[Category:Commutative diagrams]], so that it appears in commons:Category:Commutative diagrams. There are also subcategories, which you may choose to use.
Include image
Now include the image on the original page via [[Image:Diagram.svg]]

Examples

A sample conforming diagram is commons:Image:PSU-PU.svg.

Examples

Quadratic Polynomial

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle ax^2 + bx + c = 0}


<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math>

Quadratic Polynomial (Force PNG Rendering)

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,\!}


<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,\!</math>

Quadratic Formula

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}}


<math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>

Tall Parentheses and Fractions

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 2 = \left( \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x} \right)}


<math>2 = \left(
 \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x}
 \right)</math>

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}}


 <math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>

Integrals

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int_a^x \!\!\!\int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy}


<math>\int_a^x \!\!\!\int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds
 = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math>

Summation

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}{3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}}


<math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}
 {3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math>

Differential Equation

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a}


<math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math>

Complex numbers

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |\bar{z}| = |z|, |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n, \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)}


<math>|\bar{z}| = |z|,
 |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n,
 \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math>

Limits

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)}


<math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math>

Integral Equation

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \phi_n(\kappa)  = \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}  \frac{\partial}{\partial R}  \left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR}


<math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
 \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty
 \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}
 \frac{\partial}{\partial R}
 \left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math>

Example

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \phi_n(\kappa) = 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}}


<math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 
 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad
 \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math>

Continuation and cases

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f(x) = \begin{cases}1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\  \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\ 1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}\end{cases}}


<math>
 f(x) =
 \begin{cases}
 1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
 \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\
 1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}
 \end{cases}
 </math>

Prefixed subscript

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}\frac{z^n}{n!}}


 <math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z)
 = \sum_{n=0}^\infty
 \frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}
 \frac{z^n}{n!}</math>

Fraction and small fraction

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle  \frac {a}{b}}
   Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle  \tfrac {a}{b} }

<math> \frac {a}{b}\  \tfrac {a}{b} </math>

Bug reports

Discussions, bug reports and feature requests should go to the Wikitech-l mailing list. These can also be filed on Mediazilla under MediaWiki extensions.

Future

In the future, as more browsers are smarter, it will be able to generate enhanced HTML or even MathML in many cases. (See blahtex for information about current work on adding MathML support.)

Notes

  1. ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula
  2. ↑ This requires the wiki to have the Template:! containing "|", as many wikis do, see e.g. also w:Template:!.

External links

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