View source for Help:TeX

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'''MediaWiki''' uses a subset of '''TeX markup''', including some extensions from LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX, for mathematical formulae. It generates either PNG images or simple HTML markup, depending on [[Help:Preferences#Math|user preferences]] and the complexity of the expression. 

More precisely, MediaWiki filters the markup through Texvc, which in turn passes the commands to TeX for the actual rendering. Thus, only a limited part of the full TeX language is supported; see below for details.

__TOC__

==Technicals==
===Syntax===
Traditionally, math markup goes inside the XML-style tag math: <code><nowiki><math> ... </math></nowiki></code>. The old [[Help:Edit toolbar|edit toolbar]] has a button for this: [[Image:Math icon.png|{{MediaWiki:Math tip}}]].

However, one can also use parser function [[mw:Help:Magic_words#Miscellaneous|#tag]]: <code><nowiki>{{#tag:math|...}}</nowiki></code>; this is more versatile: the wikitext at the dots is first [[Help:Expansion|expanded]] before interpreting the result as TeX code. Thus it can contain parameters, variables, parser functions and templates. Note however that with this syntax double braces in the TeX code must have a space in between, to avoid confusion with their use in template calls etc. Also, to produce the character "|" inside the TeX code, use <nowiki>{{!}}</nowiki>.<ref>This requires the wiki to have the [[Template:!]] containing "|", as many wikis do, see e.g. also [[w:Template:!]].</ref>

In TeX, as in HTML, extra spaces and newlines are ignored.

===Rendering===
The PNG images are black on white (not transparent). These colors, as well as font sizes and types, are independent of browser settings or CSS. Font sizes and types will often deviate from what HTML renders. Vertical alignment with the surrounding text can also be a problem. The css selector of the images is <code>img.tex</code>.
It should be pointed out that solutions to most of these shortcomings have been proposed by Maynard Handley, but have not been implemented yet.

The <code>alt</code> attribute of the PNG images (the text that is displayed if your browser can't display images; Internet Explorer shows it up in the hover box) is the wikitext that produced them, excluding the <code><nowiki><math></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></math></nowiki></code>.

Apart from function and operator names, as is customary in mathematics for variables, letters are in italics; digits are not. For other text, (like variable labels) to avoid being rendered in italics like variables, use <code>\text</code>, <code>\mbox</code>, or <code>\mathrm</code>. You can also define new function names using <code>\operatorname{...}</code>. For example, <code><nowiki><math>\text{abc}</math></nowiki></code> gives <math>\text{abc}</math>. This does not work for special characters, they are ignored unless the whole <nowiki><math></nowiki> expression is rendered in HTML:

*<nowiki><math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ}</math></nowiki>
*<nowiki><math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ}\,</math></nowiki>

gives:

*<math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ}</math>
*<math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ}\,</math>

See [[bugzilla:798|bug 798]] for details.

Nevertheless, using <code>\mbox</code> instead of <code>\text</code>, more characters are allowed

For example,
*<nowiki><math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}</math></nowiki>
*<nowiki><math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}\,</math></nowiki>

gives:
*<math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}</math>
*<math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}\,</math>

But <code>\mbox{ð}</code> and <code>\mbox{þ}</code> will give an error:
* <math>\mbox {ð}</math>
* <math>\mbox {þ}</math>

==TeX vs HTML==

Before introducing TeX markup for producing special characters, it should be noted that, as this comparison table shows, sometimes similar results can be achieved in HTML.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! TeX Syntax ([[#Forced_PNG_rendering|forcing PNG]])
! TeX Rendering
! HTML Syntax
! HTML Rendering
|-
| <code><nowiki><math>\alpha\,\!</math></nowiki></code>
| <math>\alpha\,\!</math>
| <code><nowiki>{{math|<VAR>&amp;alpha;</VAR>}}</nowiki></code>
| {{math|<VAR>&alpha;</VAR>}}
|-
| <code><nowiki><math>\sqrt{2}</math></nowiki></code>
| <math>\sqrt{2}</math>
| <code><nowiki>{{math|{{radical|2}}}}</nowiki></code>
| {{math|{{radical|2}}}}
|-
| <code><nowiki><math>\sqrt{1-e^2}</math></nowiki></code>
| <math>\sqrt{1-e^2}\!</math>
| <code><nowiki>{{math|{{radical|1 &minus; ''e''&sup2;}}}}</nowiki></code>
| {{math|{{radical|1 &minus; ''e''&sup2;}}}}
|}

The codes on the left produce the symbols on the right, but the latter can also be put directly in the wikitext, except for &lsquo;=&rsquo;.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Syntax
! Rendering
|- valign="top"
|<pre><nowiki>&amp;alpha; &amp;beta; &amp;gamma; &amp;delta; &amp;epsilon; &amp;zeta;
&amp;eta; &amp;theta; &amp;iota; &amp;kappa; &amp;lambda; &amp;mu; &amp;nu;
&amp;xi; &amp;omicron; &amp;pi; &amp;rho;  &amp;sigma; &amp;sigmaf;
&amp;tau; &amp;upsilon; &amp;phi; &amp;chi; &amp;psi; &amp;omega;
&amp;Gamma; &amp;Delta; &amp;Theta; &amp;Lambda; &amp;Xi; &amp;Pi;
&amp;Sigma; &amp;Phi; &amp;Psi; &amp;Omega;
</nowiki></pre>
| style="texhtml" |α β γ δ ε ζ<br 
/>η θ ι κ λ μ ν<br 
/>ξ ο π ρ σ ς<br 
/>τ υ φ χ ψ ω<br
/>Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π<br
/>Σ Φ Ψ Ω
|- valign="top"
| valign="middle" | <pre><nowiki>&amp;int; &amp;sum; &amp;prod; &amp;radic; &amp;minus; &amp;plusmn; &amp;infin;
&amp;asymp; &amp;prop; {{=}} &amp;equiv; &amp;ne; &amp;le; &amp;ge; 
&amp;times; &amp;middot; &amp;divide; &amp;part; &amp;prime; &amp;Prime;
&amp;nabla; &amp;permil; &amp;deg; &amp;there4; &amp;Oslash; &amp;oslash;
&amp;isin; &amp;notin; 
&amp;cap; &amp;cup; &amp;sub; &amp;sup; &amp;sube; &amp;supe;
&amp;not; &amp;and; &amp;or; &amp;exist; &amp;forall; 
&amp;rArr; &amp;hArr; &amp;rarr; &amp;harr; &amp;uarr; 
&amp;alefsym; - &amp;ndash; &amp;mdash; 
</nowiki></pre>
| style="texhtml" |∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± ∞<br 
/>≈ ∝ = ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥<br 
/>× · ÷ ∂ ′ ″<br 
/>∇ ‰ ° ∴ Ø ø<br
/>∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇<br
/>¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀<br 
/>⇒ ⇔ → ↔ ↑<br 
/>ℵ - – —
|}

The use of HTML instead of TeX is still under discussion. The arguments either way can be summarised
as follows.

===Pros of HTML===
# In-line HTML formulae always align properly with the rest of the HTML text.
# The formula&rsquo;s background and font size match the rest of HTML contents and the appearance respects CSS and browser settings while the typeface is conveniently altered to help you identify formulae.
# Pages using HTML code for formulae will load faster and they will create less clutter on your hard disk.
# Formulae typeset with HTML code will be accessible to client-side script links (a.k.a. scriptlets).
# The display of a formula entered using mathematical templates can be conveniently altered by modifying the templates involved; this modification will affect all relevant formulae without any manual intervention.
# The HTML code, if entered diligently, will contain all semantic information to transform the equation back to TeX or any other code as needed.  It can even contain differences TeX does not normally catch, e.g. <code><nowiki>{{math|''i''}}</nowiki></code> for the imaginary unit and <code><nowiki>{{math|<VAR>i</VAR>}}</nowiki></code> for an arbitrary index variable.

===Pros of TeX===
# TeX is semantically superior to HTML. In TeX, "<code><nowiki><math>x</math></nowiki></code>" means "mathematical variable <math>x</math>", whereas in HTML "<code>x</code>" could mean anything. Information has been irrevocably lost.
# On the other hand, if you encode the same formula as "<code><nowiki>{{math|<VAR>x</VAR>}}</nowiki></code>", you get the same visual result {{math|<VAR>x</VAR>}} and no information is lost.  This requires diligence and more typing that could make the formula harder to understand as you type it.  However, since there are far more readers than editors, this effort is worth considering.
# TeX has been specifically designed for typesetting formulae, so input is easier and more natural if you are accustomed to it, and output is more aesthetically pleasing if you focus on a single formula rather than on the whole containing page.
# One consequence of point&nbsp;1 is that TeX code can be transformed into HTML, but not vice-versa.{{ref|dilHTML}}  This means that on the server side we can always transform a formula, based on its complexity and location within the text, user preferences, type of browser, etc.  Therefore, where possible, all the benefits of HTML can be retained, together with the benefits of TeX.  It is true that the current situation is not ideal, but that is not a good reason to drop information/contents.  It is more a reason to help improve the situation.
# Another consequence of point&nbsp;1 is that TeX can be converted to MathML for browsers which support it, thus keeping its semantics and allowing the rendering to be better suited for the reader&rsquo;s graphic device.
# When writing in TeX, editors need not worry about whether this or that version of this or that browser supports this or that HTML entity. The burden of these decisions is put on the software. This does not hold for HTML formulae, which can easily end up being rendered wrongly or differently from the editor&rsquo;s intentions on a different browser.{{ref|browsupp}}  
# More importantly, the serif font used for rendering formulae is browser-dependent and it may be missing some important glyphs.  While the browser generally capable to substitute a matching glyph from a different font family, it need not be the case for combined glyphs (compare&nbsp;&lsquo;&nbsp;<VAR>{{IPA|a&#773;}}</VAR>&nbsp;&rsquo; and&nbsp;&lsquo;&nbsp;<VAR STYLE="FONT-FAMILY: SERIF">a&#773;</VAR>&nbsp;&rsquo;).
# TeX is the preferred text formatting language of most professional mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. It is easier to persuade them to contribute if they can write in TeX.

:<SMALL>{{note|dilHTML}} unless your wikitext follows the style of point&nbsp;2</SMALL>
:<SMALL>{{note|browsupp}} The entity support problem is not limited to mathematical formulae though; it can be easily solved by using the corresponding characters instead of entities, as the character repertoire links do, except for cases where the corresponding glyphs are visually indiscernible (e.g. &amp;ndash; for &lsquo;&ndash;&rsquo; and &amp;minus;  for &lsquo;&minus;&rsquo;).</SMALL>

== Functions, symbols, special characters ==

<!-- Eight symbols per line seems to be optimal-->
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |<h3>Accents/diacritics</h3>
|-
|<code>\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}</code>
|<math>\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}</code>
|<math>\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}\!</math>
|-
! colspan="2" |

<h3>Standard functions</h3>
|-
|<code>\sin a \cos b \tan c</code>
|<math>\sin a \cos b \tan c\!</math>
|-
|<code>\sec d \csc e \cot f</code>
|<math>\sec d \csc e \cot f\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j</code>
|<math>\arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n\!</code>
|<math>\sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n\!</math>
|-
|<code>\operatorname{sh}\,o\,\operatorname{ch}\,p\,\operatorname{th}\,q\!</code>
|<math>\operatorname{sh}\,o\,\operatorname{ch}\,p\,\operatorname{th}\,q\!</math>
|-
|<code>\operatorname{arsinh}\,r\,\operatorname{arcosh}\,s\,\operatorname{artanh}\,t</code>
|<math>\operatorname{arsinh}\,r\,\operatorname{arcosh}\,s\,\operatorname{artanh}\,t\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y\!</code>
|<math>\lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y\!</math>
|-
|<code>\inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g\!</code>
|<math>\inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g\!</math>
|-
|<code>\deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n</code>
|<math>\deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n\!</math>
|-
! colspan="2" |

<h3>Modular arithmetic</h3>
|-
|<code>s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}</code>
|<math>s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>a\,\bmod\,b</code>
|<math>a\,\bmod\,b\,\!</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | <h3>Derivatives</h3>
|-
|<code>\nabla \, \partial x \, dx \, \dot x \, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial x_1\,\partial x_2}</code>
|<math>\nabla \, \partial x \, dx \, \dot x \, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial x_1\,\partial x_2}</math>
|-
! colspan="2" |

<h3>Sets</h3>
|-
|<code>\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing</code>
|<math>\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq</code>
|<math>\in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus</code>
|<math>\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup</code>
|<math>\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup\,\!</math>
|-
! colspan="2" |

<h3>Operators</h3>
|-
|<code>+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp - </code>
|<math>+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp - \,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot</code>
|<math>\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\star * / \div \frac{1}{2}</code>
|<math>\star * / \div \frac{1}{2}\,\!</math>
|-
! colspan="2" |

<h3>Logic</h3>
|-
|<code>\land (or \and) \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p</code>
|<math>\land \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And</code>
|<math>\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And\,\!</math>
|-
! colspan="2" |

<h3>Root</h3>
|-
|<code>\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}</code>
|<math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}\,\!</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | <h3>Relations</h3>
|-
|<code>\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot=  \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}</code>
|<math>\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot=  \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\le < \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto</code>
|<math>\le < \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto\,\!</math>
|-
|<code> \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox</code>
|<math> \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox</math>
|-
! colspan="2" |

<h3>Geometric</h3>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\Diamond \Box \triangle \angle \perp \mid \nmid \| 45^\circ</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Diamond \, \Box \, \triangle \, \angle \perp \, \mid \; \nmid \, \| 45^\circ\,\!</math>
|-
! colspan="2" |

<h3>Arrows</h3>
|-
|<code>\leftarrow (or \gets) \rightarrow (or \to) \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow</code>
|<math>\leftarrow \rightarrow \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow \,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \Longrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow (or \iff)</code>
|<math>\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \Longrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \!</math>
|-
|<code>\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow  \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow</code>
|<math>\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow  \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow \!</math>
|-
|<code>\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons</code>
|<math>\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons \,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright</code>
|<math>\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright \,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft</code>
|<math>\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft \,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow </code>
|<math>\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \,\!</math>
|-
! colspan="2" |

<h3>Special</h3>
|-
|<code>\And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots</code>
|<math>\And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top</code>
|<math>\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar</code>
|<math>\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement</code>
|<math>\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp</code>
|<math>\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp\,\!</math>
|-
! colspan="2" |

<h3>Unsorted (new stuff)</h3>
|-
|<code> \vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown</code>
|<math> \vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown</math>
|-
|<code> \blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge</code>
|<math> \blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge\!</math>
|-
|<code> \veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes</code>
|<math> \veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes</math>
|-
|<code> \rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant</code>
|<math> \rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant</math>
|-
|<code> \eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq</code>
|<math> \eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq</math>
|-
|<code> \fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft</code>
|<math> \fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft</math>
|-
|<code> \Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \eqsim \gtrdot</code>
|<math> \Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \eqsim \gtrdot</math>
|-
|<code> \ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq</code>
|<math> \ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq</math>
|-
|<code> \Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \shortparallel \between \pitchfork</code>
|<math> \Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \shortparallel \between \pitchfork</math>
|-
|<code> \varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq</code>
|<math> \varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq</math>
|-
|<code> \lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid</code>
|<math> \lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid</math>
|-
|<code> \nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr</code>
|<math> \nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr</math>
|-
|<code>\subsetneq</code>
|<math>\subsetneq</math>
|-
|<code> \ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq</code>
|<math> \ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq</math>
|-
|<code> \succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq</code>
|<math> \succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq</math>
|-
|<code> \nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq</code>
|<math> \nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq</math>
|-
|<code>\jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus</code>
|<math>\jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq</code>
|<math>\oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel</code>
|<math>\dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner</code>
|<math>\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner</math>
|}

== Larger expressions ==
=== Subscripts, superscripts, integrals ===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!rowspan="2"|Feature!!rowspan="2"|Syntax!!colspan="2"|How it looks rendered
|-
!HTML!!PNG
|-
|-
|Superscript||<code>a^2</code>||<math>a^2</math>||<math>a^2 \,\!</math>
|-
|Subscript||<code>a_2</code>||<math>a_2</math>||<math>a_2 \,\!</math>
|-
|rowspan=2|Grouping||<code>a^{2+2}</code>||<math>a^{2+2}</math>||<math>a^{2+2}\,\!</math>
|-
|<code>a_{i,j}</code>||<math>a_{i,j}</math>||<math>a_{i,j}\,\!</math>
|-
|rowspan=2|Combining sub & super without and with horizontal separation||<code>x_2^3</code>||<math>x_2^3</math>||<math>x_2^3 \,\!</math>
|-
|<code>{x_2}^3</code>||<math>{x_2}^3</math>||<math>{x_2}^3 \,\!</math>
|-
|Super super||<code>10^{10^{ \,\!{8} }</code>||colspan=2|<math>10^{10^{ \,\! 8 } }</math>
|-
|Super super||<code>10^{10^{ \overset{8}{} }}</code>||colspan=2|<math>10^{10^{ \overset{8}{} }}</math>
|-
|Super super (wrong in HTML in some browsers)||<code>10^{10^8}</code> ||colspan=2|<math>10^{10^8}</math>
|-
|rowspan="2"|Preceding and/or Additional sub & super||<code>\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b</code>||colspan=2|<math>\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b</math>
|-
|<code>{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4</code>||colspan=2|<math>{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4</math>
|-
|rowspan="4"|Stacking
|<code>\overset{\alpha}{\omega}</code>||colspan="2"|<math>\overset{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|-
|<code>\underset{\alpha}{\omega}</code>||colspan="2"|<math>\underset{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|-
|<code>\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}</code>||colspan="2"|<math>\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}</math>
|-
|<code>\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}</code>||colspan="2"|<math>\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|-
|Derivative (forced PNG)||<code>x', y<nowiki>''</nowiki>, f', f<nowiki>''</nowiki>\!</code>||&nbsp;||<math>x', y'', f', f''\!</math>
|-
|Derivative (f in italics may overlap primes in HTML)||<code>x', y<nowiki>''</nowiki>, f', f<nowiki>''</nowiki></code>||<math>x', y'', f', f''</math>||<math>x', y'', f', f''\!</math>
|-
|Derivative (wrong in HTML)||<code>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}</code>||<math>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}</math>||<math>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}\,\!</math>
|-
|Derivative (wrong in PNG)||<code>x\prime, y\prime\prime</code>||<math>x\prime, y\prime\prime</math>||<math>x\prime, y\prime\prime\,\!</math>
|-
|Derivative dots||<code>\dot{x}, \ddot{x}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\dot{x}, \ddot{x}</math>
|-
|rowspan="4"|Underlines, overlines, vectors||<code>\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c</code>||colspan=2|<math>\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c</math>
|-
|<code>\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}</math>
|-
|<code>\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}</math>
|-
|<code>\not 1 \ \cancel{123}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\not 1 \ \cancel{123}</math>
|-
|Arrows||<code> A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C</code>||colspan=2|<math> A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C</math>
|-
|Overbraces||<code>\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}</math>
|-
|Underbraces||<code>\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}</math>
|-
|Sum||<code>\sum_{k=1}^N k^2</code>||colspan=2|<math>\sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math>
|-
|Sum (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 </code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math>
|-
|Product||<code>\prod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
|Product (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
|Coproduct||<code>\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
|Coproduct (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
|Limit||<code>\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</code>||colspan=2|<math>\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math>
|-
|Limit (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math>
|-
|Integral||<code>\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</math>
|-
|Integral (alternate limits style)||<code>\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</math>
|-
|Integral (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
|-
|Integral (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>, alternate limits style)||<code>\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
|-
|Double integral||<code>\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy</code>||colspan=2|<math>\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy</math>
|-
|Triple integral||<code>\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz</code>||colspan=2|<math>\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz</math>
|-
|Quadruple integral||<code>\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt</code>||colspan=2|<math>\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt</math>
|-
|Line or path integral||<code>\int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</code>||colspan=2|<math>\int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</math>
|-
|Closed line or path integral||<code>\oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</code>||colspan=2|<math>\oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</math>
|-
|Intersections||<code>\bigcap_1^n p</code>||colspan=2|<math>\bigcap_1^n p</math>
|-
|Unions||<code>\bigcup_1^k p</code>||colspan=2|<math>\bigcup_1^k p</math>
|}

=== Fractions, matrices, multilines ===

{|  class="wikitable" 
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|- 
| Fractions
| <code>\frac{1}{2}=0.5</code>
| <math>\frac{1}{2}=0.5</math>
|- 
| Small Fractions
| <code>\tfrac{1}{2} = 0.5</code>
| <math>\tfrac{1}{2} = 0.5</math>
|- 
| Large (normal) Fractions
| <code>\dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{1}{2}}} = a </code>
| <math>\dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{1}{2}}} = a</math>
|- 
| Large (nested) Fractions
| <code>\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{1}{2}}} = a</code>
| <math>\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{1}{2}}} = a</math>
|- 
| Binomial coefficients
| <code>\binom{n}{k}</code>
| <math>\binom{n}{k}</math>
|- 
| Small Binomial coefficients
| <code>\tbinom{n}{k}</code>
| <math>\tbinom{n}{k}</math>
|- 
| Large (normal) Binomial coefficients
| <code>\dbinom{n}{k}</code>
| <math>\dbinom{n}{k}</math>
|- 
|  rowspan="7" | Matrices
| <pre>\begin{matrix}
x & y \\
z & v 
\end{matrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{matrix}</math>
|- 
| <pre>\begin{vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v 
\end{vmatrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{vmatrix}</math>
|- 
| <pre>\begin{Vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Vmatrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{Vmatrix}</math>
|- 
| <pre>\begin{bmatrix}
0      & \cdots & 0      \\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 
0      & \cdots & 0
\end{bmatrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots
& \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots &
0\end{bmatrix} </math>
|- 
| <pre>\begin{Bmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Bmatrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{Bmatrix}</math>
|- 
| <pre>\begin{pmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v 
\end{pmatrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{pmatrix}</math>
|- 
| <pre>
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
a&b\\ c&d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
</pre>
| <math>
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
a&b\\ c&d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
</math>
|- 
| Case distinctions
| <pre>
f(n) = 
\begin{cases} 
n/2,  & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\
3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} 
\end{cases}</pre>
| <math>f(n) = 
\begin{cases}
n/2,  & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\ 
3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} 
\end{cases} </math>
|- 
|  rowspan="2" | Multiline equations
| <pre>
\begin{align}
f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align}
</pre>
| <math>
\begin{align}
f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align}
</math>
|- 
| <pre>
\begin{alignat}{2}
f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat}
</pre>
| <math>
\begin{alignat}{2}
f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat}
</math>
|- 
| Multiline equations <small>(must define number of colums used ({lcr}) <small>(should not be used unless needed)</small></small>
| <pre>
\begin{array}{lcl}
z        & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z  
\end{array}</pre>
| <math>\begin{array}{lcl}
z        & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z  
\end{array}</math>
|- 
| Multiline equations (more)
| <pre>
\begin{array}{lcr}
z        & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z     
\end{array}</pre>
| <math>\begin{array}{lcr}
z        & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z     
\end{array}</math>
|- 
| Breaking up a long expression so that it wraps when necessary.
| <pre><nowiki><math>f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math>
<math>= a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math></nowiki></pre>
| <math>f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math><math>= a_0 +a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math>
|- 
| Simultaneous equations
| <pre>\begin{cases}
3x + 5y +  z \\
7x - 2y + 4z \\
-6x + 3y + 2z 
\end{cases}</pre>
| <math>\begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z \\ 7x - 2y + 4z \\ -6x + 3y + 2z \end{cases}</math>
|- 
| Arrays
| <pre>
\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\
\hline
0&0&1\\
0&1&1\\
1&0&1\\
1&1&0\\
\end{array}
</pre>
| <math>
\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\
\hline
0&0&1\\
0&1&1\\
1&0&1\\
1&1&0\\
\end{array}
</math>
|}

=== Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Feature !! Syntax !! How it looks rendered
|-
| Bad
| <code>( \frac{1}{2} )</code>
| <math>( \frac{1}{2} )</math>
|-
| Good
| <code>\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )</code>
| <math>\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )</math>
|}

You can use various delimiters with \left and \right: 

{| class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|-
| Parentheses
| <code>\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )</code>
| <math>\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )</math>
|-
| Brackets
| <code>\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack</code>
| <math>\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack</math>
|-
| Braces
| <code>\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace</code>
| <math>\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace</math>
|-
| Angle brackets
| <code>\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle</code>
| <math>\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle</math>
|-
| Bars and double bars
| <code><nowiki>\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|</nowiki></code>
| <math>\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|</math>
|-
| Floor and ceiling functions:
| <code>\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil</code>
| <math>\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil</math>
|-
| Slashes and backslashes
| <code>\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash</code>
| <math>\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash</math>
|-
| Up, down and up-down arrows
| <code>\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow</code>
| <math>\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow</math>
|-
| Delimiters can be mixed,<br/>as long as \left and \right match
| <code><nowiki>\left [ 0,1 \right )</code> <br/> <code>\left \langle \psi \right |</nowiki></code>
| <math>\left [ 0,1 \right )</math> <br/> <math>\left \langle \psi \right |</math>
|-
| Use \left. and \right. if you don't<br/>want a delimiter to appear:
| <code>\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X</code>
| <math>\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X</math>
|-
| rowspan="7" | Size of the delimiters
| <code>\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]/<code>
| <math>\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]</math>
|-
| <code>\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle</code>
| <math>\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle</math>
|-
| <code><nowiki>\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \dots \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big|</nowiki></code>
| <math>\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \dots \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big|</math>
|-
| <code>\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil</code>
| <math>\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil</math>
|-
| <code>\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow</code>
| <math>\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow</math>
|-
| <code>\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow</code>
| <math>\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow</math>
|-
| <code>\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash</code>
| <math>\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash</math>
|}

== Alphabets and typefaces == 
[[w:Texvc|Texvc]] cannot render arbitrary [[w:Unicode|Unicode]] characters. Those it can handle can be entered by the expressions below.
For others, such as [[w:Cyrillic|Cyrillic]], they can be entered as Unicode or HTML entities in running text, but cannot be used in displayed formulas.

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Greek alphabet
|-
|<code><nowiki>\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau\,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta</nowiki></code>
|<math>\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu</nowiki></code>
|<math>\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau</nowiki></code>
|<math>\nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega</nowiki></code>
|<math>\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa</nowiki></code>
|<math>\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi</nowiki></code>
|<math>\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi\,\!</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | Blackboard Bold/Scripts
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}\,\!</math>
|-
| <code><nowiki>\C \N \Q \R \Z</nowiki></code>
|<math>\C \N \Q \R \Z</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | boldface (vectors)
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}\,\!</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | Boldface (greek)
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}\,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}\,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}\,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}\,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}\,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}\,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}\,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}\,\!</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | Italics
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}\,\!</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | Roman typeface
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}\,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}\,\!</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | Fraktur typeface
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}\,\!</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | Calligraphy/Script
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T} \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}\,\!</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | Hebrew
|-
|<code><nowiki>\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth</nowiki></code>
|<math>\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth\,\!</math>
|}


{|  class="wikitable" 
! Feature
! Syntax
!  colspan="2" | How it looks rendered
|- 
| non-italicised characters
| <code><nowiki>\mbox{abc}</nowiki></code>
| <math>\mbox{abc}</math>
| <math>\mbox{abc} \,\!</math>
|- 
| mixed italics (bad)
| <code><nowiki>\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}</nowiki></code>
| <math>\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}</math>
| <math>\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even} \,\!</math>
|- 
| mixed italics (good)
| <code><nowiki>\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}</nowiki></code>
| <math>\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}</math>
| <math>\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \,\!</math>
|- 
| mixed italics (more legible: ~ is a non-breaking space, while "\ " forces a space)
| <code><nowiki>\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even}</nowiki></code>
| <math>\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even}</math>
| <math>\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even} \,\!</math>
|}

== Color ==

Equations can use color:

*<code>{\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}</code>
*:<math>{\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}</math>

*<code>x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}</code>
*:<math>x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>

It is also possible to change the background color, as in the following example:
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Background
! Wikicode
! Rendering (in PNG)
|-
! rowspan=2 | White
| <code>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</code>
| <math>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!</math>
|-
| <code>'''\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}'''e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</code>
| <math>\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!</math></span>
|-
! rowspan=2 | Orange
| <code>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</code>
| style="background-color:orange;" | <math>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!</math>
|-
| <code>'''\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}'''e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</code>
| style="background-color:orange;" | <math>\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!</math>
|}

See here for [http://oregonstate.edu/%7Epeterseb/tex/samples/docs/color-package-demo.pdf all named colors] supported by LaTeX.

Note that color should not be used as the ''only'' way to identify something, because it will become meaningless on black-and-white media or for color-blind people.  See [[en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Color coding]].

== Formatting issues ==
=== Spacing ===
Note that TeX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control. 

{|  border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" 
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|- 
| double quad space
| <code><nowiki>a \qquad b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a \qquad b</math>
|- 
| quad space
| <code><nowiki>a \quad b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a \quad b</math>
|- 
| text space
| <code><nowiki>a\ b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a\ b</math>
|- 
| text space without PNG conversion
| <code><nowiki>a \mbox{ } b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a \mbox{ } b</math>
|- 
| large space
| <code><nowiki>a\;b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a\;b</math>
|- 
| medium space
| <code><nowiki>a\&gt;b</nowiki></code>
| [not supported]
|- 
| small space
| <code><nowiki>a\,b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a\,b</math>
|- 
| no space
| <code><nowiki>ab</nowiki></code>
| <math>ab\,</math>
|- 
| small negative space
| <code><nowiki>a\!b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a\!b</math>
|}

Automatic spacing may be broken in very long expressions (because they produce an overfull hbox in TeX):
:<code><nowiki><math>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</math></nowiki></code>
:<math>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</math>
This can be remedied by putting a pair of braces { } around the whole expression:
:<code><nowiki><math>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</math></nowiki></code>
:<math>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</math>

=== Alignment with normal text flow ===
Due to the default css

<pre>img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }</pre>

an inline expression like <math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math> should look good.

If you need to align it otherwise, use <code><nowiki><math style="vertical-align:-100%;">...</math></nowiki></code> and play with the <code>vertical-align</code> argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.

Also note that if you rely on this workaround, if/when the rendering on the server gets fixed in future releases, as a result of this extra manual offset your formulae will suddenly be aligned incorrectly. So use it sparingly, if at all.

=== Forced PNG rendering ===

To force the formula to render as PNG, add <code>\,</code> (small space) at the end of the formula (where it is not rendered).  This will force PNG if the user is in "HTML if simple" mode, but not for "HTML if possible" mode (math rendering settings in [[Help:Preferences|preferences]]).

You can also use <code>\,\!</code> (small space and negative space, which cancel out) anywhere inside the math tags.  This ''does'' force PNG even in "HTML if possible" mode, unlike <code>\,</code>.

This could be useful to keep the rendering of formulae in a proof consistent, for example, or to fix formulae that render incorrectly in HTML (at one time, a^{2+2} rendered with an extra underscore), or to demonstrate how something is rendered when it would normally show up as HTML (as in the examples above).

For instance:


{|  border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" 
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|- 
| <code><nowiki>a^{c+2}</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{\,\!c+2}</math>
|- 
| <code><nowiki>a^{c+2} \,</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{c+2} \,</math>
|- 
| <code><nowiki>a^{\,\!c+2}</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{\,\!c+2}</math>
|- 
| <code><nowiki>a^{b^{c+2}}</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{b^{c+2}}</math> (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
|- 
| <code><nowiki>a^{b^{c+2}} \,</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{b^{c+2}} \,</math> (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
|- 
| <code><nowiki>a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5</math> (due to "<math>\approx</math>" correctly displayed, no code "\,\!" needed)
|- 
| <code><nowiki>a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}</math>
|- 
| <code><nowiki>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</nowiki></code>
| <math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
|}


This has been tested with most of the formulae on this page, and seems to work perfectly.

You might want to include a comment in the HTML so people don't "correct" the formula by removing it:

:''<nowiki><!-- The \,\! is to keep the formula rendered as PNG instead of HTML.  Please don't remove it.--></nowiki>''

== Commutative diagrams ==
To make a [[en:Commutative diagram|commutative diagram]], there are three steps:
* Write the diagram in [[en:TeX|TeX]]
* Convert to [[en:SVG|SVG]]
* [[commons:Commons:First steps/Upload form|Upload the file]] to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]

=== Diagrams in TeX ===
[http://www.tug.org/applications/Xy-pic/ Xy-pic] ([http://tex.loria.fr/graph-pack/doc-xypic/xyguide-html/xyguide-html.html online manual]) is the most powerful and general-purpose diagram package in [[TeX]].

Simpler packages include:
* [[en:American Mathematical Society|AMS]]'s [http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amscd.html amscd]
* Paul Taylor's [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/generic/diagrams/taylor/ diagrams]
* François Borceux [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/entries/borceux.html Diagrams]

The following is a template for Xy-pic, together with a [[en:Hack (technology)|hack]] to increase the [[en:Margin (typography)|margins]] in [[en:dvips|dvips]], so that the diagram is not truncated by over-eager cropping
(suggested in [[en:TUGboat|TUGboat]] [http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb17-3/tb52rahtz.pdf TUGboat, Volume 17 1996, No. 3]):
<pre>
\documentclass{amsart}
\usepackage[all, ps]{xy} % Loading the XY-Pic package 
                         % Using postscript driver for smoother curves
\usepackage{color}       % For invisible frame
\begin{document}
\thispagestyle{empty} % No page numbers
\SelectTips{eu}{}     % Euler arrowheads (tips)
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt} % Frame box margin
{\color{white}\framebox{{\color{black}$$ % Frame for margin

\xymatrix{ % The diagram is a 3x3 matrix
%%% Diagram goes here %%%
}

$$}}} % end math, end frame
\end{document}
</pre>

=== Convert to SVG ===
Once you have produced your diagram in LaTeX (or TeX), you can convert it to an SVG file using the following sequence of commands:

<pre>
pdflatex file.tex
pdfcrop --clip file.pdf tmp.pdf
pdf2svg tmp.pdf file.svg
  (rm tmp.pdf at the end)
</pre>
pdflatex and the [http://pdfcrop.sourceforge.net pdfcrop] and [http://www.cityinthesky.co.uk/pdf2svg.html pdf2svg] utilities are needed for this procedure.

If you do not have these programs, you can also use the commands

<pre>
latex file.tex
dvipdfm file.dvi
</pre>

to get a PDF version of your diagram.

==== Programs ====
In general, you will not be able to get anywhere with diagrams without TeX and Ghostscript, and the <code>inkscape</code> program is a useful tool for creating or modifying your diagrams by hand.  There is also a utility <code>pstoedit</code> which supports direct conversion from Postscript files to many vector graphics formats, but it requires a non-free plugin to convert to SVG, and regardless of the format, [[w:user:Ryan Reich|this editor]] has not been successful in using it to convert diagrams with diagonal arrows from TeX-created files.

These programs are:
* a working TeX distribution, such as TeX Live
* Ghostscript
* pstoedit
* Inkscape

=== Upload the file ===

As the diagram is your own work, upload it to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]], so that all projects (notably, all languages) can use it without having to copy it to their language's Wiki. (If you've previously uploaded a file to somewhere other than Commons, [[en:Wikipedia:Moving images to the Commons|transwiki it]] to Commons.)

;Check size: Before uploading, check that the default size of the image is neither too large nor too small by opening in an [[SVG#Support in applications|SVG application]] and viewing at default size (100% scaling), otherwise adjust the <tt>-y</tt> option to <tt>dvips</tt>.
;Name: Make sure the file has a [[en:Wikipedia:Naming_conventions|meaningful name]].
;Upload: [[commons:Special:Userlogin|Login to Wikimedia Commons]], then <span class="plainlinks">[http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&uselang=ownwork upload the file]</span>; for the '''Summary''', give a brief description.
Now go to the [[en:Help:Image page|image page]] and add a [[commons:Commons:First steps/Quality and description#Good file descriptions|description]], including the '''source code''', using this template (using <tt>{{[[commons:Template:Information|Information]]}}</tt>):

 <nowiki>{{</nowiki>Information
 |Description =
 <nowiki>{{</nowiki>en| '''Description <nowiki>[[</nowiki>:en:Link to WP page|topic]]'''
 }}
 |Source = <nowiki>{{</nowiki>own}}

Created as per:
 <nowiki>[[</nowiki>:en:meta:Help:Displaying a formula#Commutative diagrams]]; source code below.
 |Date = '''The Creation Date, like 1999-12-31'''
 |Author = '''<nowiki>[[</nowiki>User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]'''
 |Permission = Public domain; '''(or [[commons:Licensing#Well-known_licenses|other license]])''' see below. 
 }}
 
 == LaTeX source ==
 &lt;source lang="latex">
 '''% LaTeX source here'''
 &lt;/source>
 
 == <nowiki>[[</nowiki>Commons:Copyright tags|Licensing]]: ==
 <nowiki>{{</nowiki>self|PD-self '''(or [[commons:Licensing#Well-known_licenses|other license]])'''|author='''<nowiki>[[</nowiki>User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]'''}}
 
 <nowiki>[[</nowiki>Category:'''Descriptive categories, such as "Group theory"''']]
 <nowiki>[[</nowiki>Category:Commutative diagrams]]

;Source code:
* Include the source code in the [[en:Help:Image page|image page]], in a <tt>LaTeX source</tt> section, so that the diagram can be edited in future.
* Include the complete <tt>.tex</tt> file, not just the fragment, so future editors do not need to reconstruct a compilable file.
;License: The most common license for commutative diagrams is <tt>[[commons:Template:PD-self|PD-self]]</tt>; some use <tt>[[commons:Template:PD-ineligible|PD-ineligible]]</tt>, especially for simple diagrams, or other licenses. Please ''do not'' use the [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html GFDL], as it requires the entire text of the GFDL to be attached to any document that uses the diagram.
;Description: If possible, link to a Wikipedia page relevant to the diagram.
;Category: Include <tt><nowiki>[[Category:Commutative diagrams]]</nowiki></tt>, so that it appears in [[commons:Category:Commutative diagrams]]. There are also subcategories, which you may choose to use.
;Include image: Now include the image on the original page via <tt><nowiki>[[Image:Diagram.svg]]</nowiki></tt>

=== Examples ===
A sample conforming diagram is [[commons:Image:PSU-PU.svg]].

== Examples ==

<center>
===Quadratic Polynomial===
 <math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math></nowiki>

===Quadratic Polynomial (Force PNG Rendering)===
 <math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,\!</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,\!</math></nowiki>

===Quadratic Formula===
 <math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math></nowiki>

===Tall Parentheses and Fractions ===
 <math>2 = \left( \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x} \right)</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>2 = \left(
 \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x}
 \right)</math></nowiki>

 <math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>
 <nowiki>
 <math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>
 </nowiki>

===Integrals===
 <math>\int_a^x \!\!\!\int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>\int_a^x \!\!\!\int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds
 = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math></nowiki>

===Summation===
 <math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}{3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}
 {3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math></nowiki>

=== Differential Equation ===
 <math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math></nowiki>

===Complex numbers===
 <math>|\bar{z}| = |z|, |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n, \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>|\bar{z}| = |z|,
 |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n,
 \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math></nowiki>

===Limits===
 <math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math></nowiki>

===Integral Equation===
 <math>\phi_n(\kappa)
 = \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}  \frac{\partial}{\partial R}  \left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
 \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty
 \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}
 \frac{\partial}{\partial R}
 \left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math></nowiki>

===Example===
 <math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 
 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad
 \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math></nowiki>

===Continuation and cases===
 <math>f(x) = \begin{cases}1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
 \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\ 1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}\end{cases}</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>
 f(x) =
 \begin{cases}
 1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
 \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\
 1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}
 \end{cases}
 </math></nowiki>

===Prefixed subscript===
 <math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}\frac{z^n}{n!}</math>
 
 <nowiki> <math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z)
 = \sum_{n=0}^\infty
 \frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}
 \frac{z^n}{n!}</math></nowiki>

===Fraction and small fraction===
 <math> \frac {a}{b}</math> &emsp; <math> \tfrac {a}{b} </math>
 <nowiki><math> \frac {a}{b}\  \tfrac {a}{b} </math></nowiki>

</center>

==Bug reports==
Discussions, bug reports and feature requests should go to the Wikitech-l mailing list.  These can also be filed on [[Bugzilla:|Mediazilla]] under ''MediaWiki extensions''.

==Future==
In the future, as more browsers are smarter, it will be able to generate enhanced HTML or even [[w:MathML|MathML]] in many cases.  (See [[mw:blahtex|blahtex]] for information about current work on adding MathML support.)

==Notes==
<references/>

== External links ==
*[http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwilkins/LaTeXPrimer/ A LaTeX tutorial].
*A [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/gentle/gentle.pdf paper introducing TeX]—see page 39 onwards for a good introduction to the maths side of things.
*A [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf paper introducing LaTeX]—skip to page 49 for the math section. See page 63 for a complete reference list of symbols included in LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX.
*[http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-letter.pdf The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List].
*[http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html AMS-LaTeX guide].
*[http://us.metamath.org/symbols/symbols.html A set of public domain fixed-size math symbol bitmaps].
*[[w:MathML|MathML]]: A product of the [[w:W3C|W3C]] [http://www.w3.org/Math/ Math working group], is a low-level specification for describing mathematics as a basis for machine to machine communication.

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