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Authors: [[user:Hschwarz|Hans-Jürgen Schwarz]], [[user:AHusen|Anika Husen]]
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back to [[Analysis of Salts|Analysis of Salts]]
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== Abstract  ==
The determination of salts with the polarized light microscope method is briefly described, then the advantages and disadvantages are listed.
== Introduction  ==
[[Image:MgSO4 Kristallisationsvideo.ogg|thumb|right|Magnesium sulfate crystallization with crossed polarizers and red I]]<br> Polarization microscopy <bib id="Wuelfert:1999" /> is used especially for the examination of anisotropic (birefringent) objects <ref>http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov08/rd-crystals.html, gesehen 19.11.2009</ref>. Compared to the ordinary microscopes, the polarization microscope has a polarizer filter (polarized light) added to the light path beneath the sample slide. Through this polarizer the object is illuminated with linearly polarized light.  Another polarizer filter (analyzer) is situated in the observation beam path allowing for the analysis of the linearly polarized light, modified by the object. When using crossed polarizers and analyzer without an object ( 90° difference in the vibration plane of each kind of transmitted light) only darkness should be visible. In polarized light microscopy the direct (orthoscopic) or indirect (conoscopic) approach can be applied.
The orthoscopic approach corresponds to the ordinary microscopy. When the analyzer is switched on anisotropic bodies appear. Depending on their orientation, thickness and the value of the [[Birefringence|birefringence]]<ref>http://e3.pphysik.uni-dortmund.de/~suter/Vorlesung/Physik_B3_SS03/6.5_Polarisation.pdf, gesehen 19.11.2009</ref><ref>http://www.gemmologie.at/mediaCache/Doppelbrechung_270385.pdf, gesehen 19.11.2009</ref><ref>http://www.physik.uni-jena.de/inst/iao/applets/doppelbrechung/doppelbrechung.html, gesehen 19.11.2009</ref> anisotropic bodies appear in the interference color that corresponds to the path difference between ordinary and extraordinary rays.
[[Image:Mueller-kon+ort.jpg|thumb|600px|center|'''A''':In the orthoscopic light path (luke optical path) of older polarization microscopes the lens produces a vertically and laterally inverted intermediate picture of the thin section. This is further increased with the eyepiece (A-2).  In modern polarization microscopes<ref> http://www.igw.uni-jena.de/mineral/downloads/polarisationsmikr.pdf gesehen 16.07.2010</ref> the object is located in the lower focal plane of the lens, causing it to be reproduced  to infinity. The real intermediate image, visible through the eyepiece (A-1) is produced by an additional lens in the tube (tube lens). Through this display method a parallel beam path is created between tube lens and eyepiece, creating ideal conditions for an interference- free introduction of analyzers, compensators, or reflectors, and also allowing for a better aberration correction. <br>
'''B''': In the conoscopic beam path (pupillary light pathway), however, the reproduction of parallel light  beams of the light cone, which is in the upper focal plane of the lens, takes place. The developing interference image (in the case of anisotropic crystals) can be magnified with an Amici- Bertrand- Lens.
If no Amici-Bertrand lens is present, the interference image can also be seen through a diopter that can be inserted into the tube instead of the eyepiece.<bib id="Raith.etal:2009"/>]]
[[Polarization microscope:Conoskopy|Conoscopic approach]]: By switching on an additional lens (Amici-Bertrand lens) or by removal of an eyepiece, the back focal plane of the objective  is pictured in the intermediate image plane, seen through the eyepiece. While in the orthoscopic approach every image point corresponds to an object point, in the conoscopic approach every image point corresponds to a parallel beam of light. Therefore the image gives information about the directionality of the birefringence (as far as it can be detected by the aperture). Consequently, this method allows to determine whether a crystal is optically uniaxial or biaxial and whether it is optically positive or negative. The [[determination of the light refraction|light refraction]]  of salt minerals can be estimated relatively easily, when the  [[refraction of light|refraction]] of the immersion medium or oil is known.
For a detailed description of microscopic mineral analysis see <bib id="Raith.etal:2009" />.
<br> '''Advantage:'''
Polarization microscopy is a quick and convenient method for the [[Microscopy of salts| determination of salts]]. The mineralogy and chemistry of salts is determined. Basic polarization microscopes are portable and can be used in any location, hence ''sensitive'' salts can be identified on site.
<br> '''Disadvantage:'''
Some salts are difficult to identify. Quantitative identification is not possible.
==Weblinks==
<references/>
== Literatur  ==
<biblist />
[[Category:Microscopy]] [[Category:Husen,Anika]] [[Category:Schwarz,Hans-Jürgen]] [[Category:R-MSteiger]] [[Category:R-CBlaeuer]] [[Category:Review]]
[[User:SLeithaeuser|SLeithaeuser]] 10:58, 2 March 2012 (CET)

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