Talk:Origin of Salts: Difference between revisions

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This is a suggestion for changes to the abstract. I have not heard of fortification or natural alteration circle in this context. Also it may be an idea to replace anthropogenic intervention with a more common term.
*[[Salts in Building Materials including foundations]]
*[[Deicing Salts]]
*[[Salts of Microbiological Origin]]
*[[Salts resulting from Restoration Materials]]


Abstract
text moved to the content page. Which titles for the linked pages should be used. The please make changes only onn the content page, not on the discussion page.[[User:Hschwarz|Hschwarz]] 15:14, 2 December 2012 (CET)
Salts that cause damage to wall paintings and cultural heritage made of stone, brick and other building materials, originate from natural sources or human activities. They naturally occur in rainwater, seawater, groundwater or soil and sometimes they are part of the natural cycle of the chemical and physical deterioration of stone. Salts originating from human activities can be linked to emissions from burning fossil fuels, agricultural activities, the use of road salt or cements. Salts are formed by the accumulation of ions in the wall or on the surface of specific parts of a building,  e.g. plinths. The accumulation of ions can be due to soluble salts leaching out of building materials, soil, stone, wet or dry deposits from the atmosphere, but it can also be caused by the metabolism of micro-organisms or anthropogenic intervention.
 
Ein weiterer Vorschlag- another suggestion
 
[edit] Introduction
Every naturally occurring liquid water can be seen as a salt solution at different degrees of dilution. This can be established by simple measurements of the electrical conductivity. Porous building materials  like stone, brick, mortar and plaster contain salts in their pore space. Wherever water flows through porous materials and evaporates from the surface, some degree of salt efflorescences can be found.
Some salts or salt-forming ions are introduced into the monument by human activity. These can be alkaline building materials like water glass or Portland cement, which were used in great quantities during the last century.  Some damages previously referred to as a result of acid rain are now known to be due to these building materials. [Klemm.etal:1999] Road salt should be added to the list of these materials, because it can be detected on bridges and foundations (buildings were sometimes used for salt storage). All natural materials are contaminated with salt-forming ions, varying from low to very high levels. These include building materials like natural stone, brick and binding agents like lime or cement and surface coatings and paints. The substratum, subsoil consistency, ground- and surface water also play a role [Roesch.etal:1993]. Besides natural emissions by volcanoes (H2S, HCl, HF, SO2 etc.) and sea- water aerosols (NaCl etc.), [Steiger.etal:1994b][Steiger.etal:1997][Steiger.etal:2002][Becker.etal:2005], anthropogenic emissions are becoming more important. The generation of natural resources and energy, emissions from traffic and so forth, produce a great number of damaging substances, of which sulphur dioxide (with the secondary product sulphate)[Wittenburg.etal:1993] and nitrogen oxides (with the secondary product nitrate), are the most familiar. It is still not fully understood, how ozone (O3) and the large number of organic compounds participate in the destruction of cultural goods. Immisions mostly reach the objects through dry or wet deposition [Steiger.etal:1989] by rainwater or fog, but also through accumulation in the subsoil.
Nitrates and organic salts like oxalate mostly have a microbiological origin. While nitrates are transported into the object by humidity, oxalates are usually formed in situ, where they remain due to their low solubility.
Other sources for damaging salts can be fertilisers or detergents that are introduced through ground and surface water.
[[User:SLeithaeuser|SLeithaeuser]] 16:35, 18 September 2011 (CEST)
 
 
Author:[[user:Hschwarz|Hans-Jürgen Schwarz]]  
<br> <br>
Back to [[Fundamentals]] <br>
 
== Abstract  ==
Salts that cause damage to wall paintings and cultural heritage made of stone, brick and other inorganic building materials, originate from natural sources or human activities. They are present in seawater, groundwater and even rainwater, as well as in soil or some stones, such as those in flood plains or near the sea. They may be part of the natural cycle of the chemical and physical deterioration of stone. Salts originating from human activities can be linked to emissions from burning fossil fuels, agricultural activities, salt or gun powder storage, some cements and the use of deicing salts. Salts are formed by the accumulation of ions in the wall or on the surface of specific parts of a building, e.g., plinths. The accumulation of ions can be due to soluble salts leaching out of building materials, soil, stone, wet or dry deposits from the atmosphere, but it can also be caused by the metabolism of micro-organisms or anthropogenic intervention.
 
== Introduction  ==
Every naturally occurring liquid water can be seen as a salt solution with different degrees of dilution. This can be confirmed by simple measurement of its electrical conductivity. Porous building materials like stone, brick, mortar and plaster contain salts in their pore space. Wherever water flows through porous materials and evaporates from the surface, eventually some amount of salt efflorescence will be found.<br>
 
Some salts or salt-forming ions are introduced into the monument by human activity. Monuments may be contaminated due to [[Salts in restoration materials|consolidants and and cleaning agents]] but also due to historical storage of salt or gun powder, alkaline [[Salts in building materials containing salts|building materials]] like water glass or Portland cement, were used extensively in some countries over the last century. Some damages previously referred to as a result of acid rain are now known to be due to the use of these materials. <bib id="Klemm.etal:1999" />  [[Deicing salts]] should be added to the list of these materials, because they are still being used and they will affect mostly bridges, tunnels and foundations of buildings near roads. Other sources for damaging salts can be fertilizers and detergents that are introduced through ground and surface water. Finally, cleaning interventions based on the use of alkaline materials followed by an acid rinse, can leave soluble salts behind. This cleaning approach is used for brick masonry in some countries.
 
All natural materials are contaminated with salt-forming ions, varying from low to very high levels. These include building materials, e.g., natural stone or brick, and binding agents, such as lime, cement and renders. The substratum, subsoil consistency, ground- and surface water also play a role <bib id="Roesch.etal:1993" />. Besides natural emissions by volcanoes ((H<sub>2</sub>S, HCl, HF, SO<sub>2</sub> etc.) and sea- water aerosols (NaCl etc.), <bib id="Steiger.etal:1994b"/><bib id="Steiger.etal:1997"/><bib id="Steiger.etal:2002"/><bib id="Becker.etal:2005"/>, anthropogenic emissions are becoming more important.
 
The generation of energy, emissions from traffic and so forth, produce a great number of damaging substances, of which sulfur dioxide (with the secondary product sulphate)<bib id="Wittenburg.etal:1993"/> and nitrogen oxides (with the secondary product nitrate), are the most familiar. It is still not fully understood, how ozone (O3) and the large number of organic compounds participate in the destruction of cultural property. Immissions mostly reach the objects through dry or wet deposition <bib id="Steiger.etal:1989"/>  by rainwater or fog, but also through accumulation in the subsoil.
 
Nitrates and organic salts such as oxalates mostly have a microbiological origin. While nitrates are transported into the object by humidity, oxalates are usually formed in situ, where they remain due to their low solubility.
 
== Literature ==
<biblist/>
 
[[Category:Origin of Salt]] [[Category:complete]][[category: Schwarz,Hans-Jürgen]]

Latest revision as of 14:14, 2 December 2012

text moved to the content page. Which titles for the linked pages should be used. The please make changes only onn the content page, not on the discussion page.Hschwarz 15:14, 2 December 2012 (CET)

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