Talk:Origin of Salts: Difference between revisions

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Author:[[user:Hschwarz|Hans-Jürgen Schwarz]]  
*[[Salts in Building Materials including foundations]]  
<br>
*[[Deicing Salts]]
English Translation by [[user:SLeithaeuser|Sandra Leithäuser]]<br><br>
*[[Salts of Microbiological Origin]]  
Back to [[Fundamentals]] <br>
*[[Salts resulting from Restoration Materials]]


*[[Building substrate and subsoils]] eigentlich Salts in building substrate and subsoils
text moved to the content page. Which titles for the linked pages should be used. The please make changes only onn the content page, not on the discussion page.[[User:Hschwarz|Hschwarz]] 15:14, 2 December 2012 (CET)
*[[Deicing salts]] Road salts- deicing salt
*[[Microbiological origin]] eigentlich Salts of microbiological origin
*[[Salts in restoration materials]]
 
 
== Abstract  ==
Salts that cause damage to wall paintings and cultural heritage made of stone, brick and other inorganic building materials, originate from natural sources or human activities. They are present in seawater, groundwater and even rainwater, as well as in soil or some stones, such as those in flood plains or near the sea. They may be part of the natural cycle of the chemical and physical deterioration of stone. Salts originating from human activities can be linked to emissions from burning fossil fuels, agricultural activities, salt or gun powder storage, some cements and the use of deicing salts. Salts are formed by the accumulation of ions in the wall or on the surface of specific parts of a building, e.g., plinths. The accumulation of ions can be due to soluble salts leaching out of building materials, soil, stone, wet or dry deposits from the atmosphere, but it can also be caused by the metabolism of micro-organisms or anthropogenic intervention.
 
== Introduction  ==
Every naturally occurring liquid water can be seen as a salt solution with different degrees of dilution. This can be confirmed by simple measurement of its electrical conductivity. Porous building materials like stone, brick, mortar and plaster contain salts in their pore space. Wherever water flows through porous materials and evaporates from the surface, eventually some amount of salt efflorescence will be found.<br>
 
Some salts or salt-forming ions are introduced into the monument by human activity. Monuments may be contaminated due to [[Salts in restoration materials|consolidants and and cleaning agents]] but also due to historical storage of salt or gun powder, alkaline [[Salts in building materials|building materials]] like water glass or Portland cement, were used extensively in some countries over the last century. Some damages previously referred to as a result of acid rain are now known to be due to the use of these materials. <bib id="Klemm.etal:1999" />  [[Deicing salts]] should be added to the list of these materials, because they are still being used and they will affect mostly bridges, tunnels and foundations of buildings near roads. Other sources for damaging salts can be fertilizers and detergents that are introduced through ground and surface water. Finally, cleaning interventions based on the use of alkaline materials followed by an acid rinse, can leave soluble salts behind. This cleaning approach is used for brick masonry in some countries.
 
All natural materials are contaminated with salt-forming ions, varying from low to very high levels. These include building materials, e.g., natural stone or brick, and binding agents, such as lime, cement and renders. The [[Building substrate and subsoils|substratum, subsoil consistency]], ground- and surface water also play a role <bib id="Roesch.etal:1993" />. Beside natural emissions by volcanoes ((H<sub>2</sub>S, HCl, HF, SO<sub>2</sub> etc.) and sea- water aerosols (NaCl etc.), <bib id="Steiger.etal:1994b"/><bib id="Steiger.etal:1997"/><bib id="Steiger.etal:2002"/><bib id="Becker.etal:2005"/>, anthropogenic emissions are becoming more important.
 
The generation of energy, emissions from traffic and so forth, produce a great number of damaging substances, of which sulfur dioxide (with the secondary product sulphate)<bib id="Wittenburg.etal:1993"/> and nitrogen oxides (with the secondary product nitrate), are the most familiar. It is still not fully understood, how ozone (O3) and the large number of organic compounds participate in the destruction of cultural property. [[Immissions]] mostly reach the objects through dry or wet deposition <bib id="Steiger.etal:1989"/>  by rainwater or fog, but also through accumulation in the subsoil.
 
Nitrates and organic salts such as oxalates mostly are of [[microbiological origin]]. While nitrates are transported into the object by humidity, oxalates are usually formed in situ, where they remain due to their low solubility.
 
== Literature ==
<biblist/>
 
[[Category:Origin of Salt]] [[Category:complete]][[category: Schwarz,Hans-Jürgen]]
 
Würde dies gerne hinzufügen [[User:SLeithaeuser|SLeithaeuser]] 13:18, 6 September 2012 (CEST)

Latest revision as of 14:14, 2 December 2012

text moved to the content page. Which titles for the linked pages should be used. The please make changes only onn the content page, not on the discussion page.Hschwarz 15:14, 2 December 2012 (CET)

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