Deterioration Patterns Wallpaintings

Author: Nicole Riedl

English Translation by Hans-Jürgen Schwarz andSandra Leithäuser

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Calcareous concretions (sinter crusts)

Calcareous concretion, Roman wall-painting, grave chamber, Nehren

Calcareous concretion, Roman wall-painting, grave chamber Nehren

Precipitation of calcium carbonate on the surface of wall paintings begins by a fine white veil and may continue to form a white, dense calcareous concretion. It is characterized by a high stability and strong bond with the painting. The vapor permeability of the wall painting is reduced and the layered crust deposits affects the aesthetic appearance considerably.

Framboidal efflorescence (cauliflower crust)

Framboidal efflorescence, grave chamber Nehren

Framboial efflorescence, grave chamber Nehren

The formation of firmly adhering framboidal efflorescence is characteristic for some conditions. The composition may consist of calcium carbonate or gypsum,calcium sulfate dihydrate. Depending on the contaminants present, the efflorescence nay appear whitish, yellowish, reddish or brownish. Biogenic precipitate can be stored within the crust deposits.

Hygroscopic salts

Gypsum crust and hygroscopic salts, grave chamber Nehren

Gypsum crust and hygroscopic salts, grave chamber Nehren

The photograph shows darkened areas along fissures in the paint layer and topcoat of the plaster that also has crust deposits on it. The reason for this is the presence of hygroscopic salts that tend to bind moisture originating from the plaster or from the ambient air. The moisture film will reflect light more giving the surface its darker appearance.

Powdery salt deposits

Powdery salt efflorescence, sodium sulfate, grave chamber Nehren

Powdery salt efflorescence, sodium sulfate, grave chamber Nehren

White, loosely adhering salt efflorescence on the plaster and the paint surface. It is characterized by small crystalline, soft, powdery efflorescence which may be formed by several different salts. The example shows sodium sulfate deposits on a repair plaster made with trass cement.

Scaling due to salt crystallization

Scaling, grave chamber Nehren

Scaling, grave chamber Nehren

The crystallizing salts detach break up the plaster structure. During the phase transition from liquid salt solution to the formation of salt crystals, an expansion takes place and pressure is applied to the adjacent plaster matrix. Hence, entire layers of plaster are lifted from the substructure and become crumbly and fragile.

The permeability is a measure of the ability of a porous material (often a rock or unconsolidated material) to allow fluids to pass through it. Am material with a high permeability lets the fluid pass through faster than one with a low permeability.

crystallization of a dissolved salt