Analysis of Salts: Difference between revisions

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Author: [[user:Hschwarz|Hans-Jürgen Schwarz]]
Author: [[user:Hschwarz|Hans-Jürgen Schwarz]]
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== Abstract  ==
== Abstract  ==


In the presence of a salt load or visible salt damage, a wide variety of methods are used. The methods are presented that usually allow a quantitative determination of the salt-forming ions, or at least a qualitative determination of individual ions or salt phases. The measuring principle, the application and the advantages of each method are briefly outlined.
To determine the presence of a salt or visible damage from it, a wide variety of analytical methods are used. Methods presented here may allow a qualitative determination of individual ions or salt phasesa and/or quantitative determination of the salt-forming ions. The fundamental principle of each method, its application and advantages are briefly outlined.


== [[Mikroscopy]]  ==
== [[Polarized light microscopy]]  ==


With the help of the polarizing microscope, the various salts are determined based on their optical properties. This includes in particular the study of the birefringence and light refraction of the salts. Compared to normal by light microscopy the polarizing microscope has two polarizers - the polarizer and the analyzer. The analyzer is used to  recognize the optical properties of a salt by the change of the linearly polarized light due to the salt.  
With the help of a polarizing microscope, the various salts present can be identified through their optical properties. This includes in particular the study of the birefringence and light refraction of the salts. The polarizing microscope differs from a regular microscope in that it has two polarizers - the polarizer and the analyzer. The analyzer is used to  recognize the optical properties of a salt by the change of the linearly polarized light due to the salt.


== [[Microchemistry]]  ==
== [[Micro-chemical testing]]  ==


With micro-chemical reactions, a salt analysis can be performed on very small samples. Usually this is done using a microscope (polarizing microscope). This method can also be quite convenient locally at the object. The micro-chemical analysis of salt consists in the qualitative detection of individual salt ions in more or less concentrated aqueous solution.  
Micro-chemical testing allows to identify salts in very small samples. The micro-chemical salt analysis is based on the detection of individual ions in more or less concentrated aqueous solutions. The salts are identified via the reaction products that can be observed with a microscope at magnifications up to 100 times. The method can be used on site.


== [[X-Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD)]]  ==
==Instrumental Analysis==


With the XRD analysis, qualitative and quantitative salt analyses are carried out. When X-rays hit a crystalline material a series of "reflections" are produces which are characteristic for each phase like a "fingerprint". It is a laboratory method and the amount of the sample can be quite small with special sample holders.
=== [[X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)]]  ===


== [[Atomabsorptionspectroskopy (AAS)]]  ==


The atomic absorption spectroscopy is a method that allows rapid and accurate quantitative determinations of many elements. Since the method relies on the energy absorption by free atoms, it can usually be used without prior separation or isolation steps of other elements present in the sample. The quantity of sample needed for analysis is low. Element concentrations of a millionth (ppm) or one billionth part (ppb) of the sample can be detected.


== [[Induktiv gekoppeltes Plasma (ICP)]]  ==
=== [[Atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS)]]  ===


Das ICP dient zur Anregung z.B. bei der Atomemissionsspektroskopie (AES-ICP) oder in der Kopplung mit einem Massenspektrometer (ICP-MS). Das induktiv gekoppelte Plasma ist ein im Hochfrequenzfeld (27 MHz) ionisiertes Gas (Argon), das als Atomisierungs- und Anregungsmedium für die eingesprühte, flüssige oder gelöste Probe dient. Das ICP kann in der Emissions-Spektroskopie mit verschiedenen optischen und elektrischen Systemen entweder mit simultanen oder sequentiellen Multielement-Spektrometern kombiniert werden. Es lassen sich damit sehr geringe Konzentrationen in Größenordnungen von einem millionstel (ppm) oder einem milliardstel Teil (ppb) in der Probe nachweisen.<br>


== [[Ionchromatography (IC)]]  ==


Unter Chromatographie versteht man ganz allgemein Verfahren zur Trennung von Substanzen, wobei diese unterschiedlich zwischen einer stationären und einer mobilen Phase verteilt werden. Bei der Ionenchromatographie werden aufgrund ihrer Ladungen Ionen an der stationären Phase gebunden und später durch einen Eluenten durch einen Ionenaustausch in die mobile Phase frei gegeben. Die Quantifizierung geschieht mit Hilfe eines geeigneten Detektors.&nbsp;Unter Nutzung spezifischer Trennsäulen können sowohl Anionen wie auch Kationen quatitativ in geringer Konzentration bestimmt werden.<br>
=== [[Inductive coupled plasma (ICP)]]  ===


== [[Photometry]]  ==


Das Grundprinzip der Photometrie besteht darin, eine farbige bzw. lichtabsorbierende Lösung herzustellen, wobei der gesuchte Stoff oder das gesuchte Element in eine lichtechte, farbige und lösliche Verbindung eingebaut oder überführt wird oder eine Farbreaktion auslöst bzw. steuert. Die Photometrie beruht dabei auf der Messung der Absorption monochromatischer Strahlung durch die Lösung. Es sind damit quantitative Analysen von Anionen und Kationenin in einer für die Salzanalytik ausreichenden Genauigkeit möglich.<br>


<br> <!--
=== [[Ion chromatography (IC)]]  ===
== [[IR-Spektroskopie]]  ==


== [[Raman-Spektroskopie]] ==


== [[Rasterelektronenmikroskopie]] (REM)  ==


== [[Weitere Methoden]]  ==
=== [[Photometry]]  ===


-->
 
 
=== [[IR - Spectroscopy]]  ===
 
 
=== [[Raman - Spectroscopy]] ===
 
 
=== [[Scanning Electron Microscopy]] (SEM)  ===
 
 
=== [[Other Methods]]  ===


== Literature  ==
== Literature  ==


[[Category:Hschwarz]][[Category:Investigation Methods]][[Category:Salt Analysis]] [[Category:R-MSteiger]] [[Category:inProgress]]
 
== Weblinks ==
 
<references/>
 
 
[[Category:Schwarz,Hans-Jürgen]][[Category:Investigation Methods]][[Category:Salt Analysis]] [[Category:R-MSteiger]] [[Category: approved]]

Latest revision as of 16:12, 17 December 2013

Author: Hans-Jürgen Schwarz

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Abstract[edit]

To determine the presence of a salt or visible damage from it, a wide variety of analytical methods are used. Methods presented here may allow a qualitative determination of individual ions or salt phasesa and/or quantitative determination of the salt-forming ions. The fundamental principle of each method, its application and advantages are briefly outlined.

Polarized light microscopy[edit]

With the help of a polarizing microscope, the various salts present can be identified through their optical properties. This includes in particular the study of the birefringence and light refraction of the salts. The polarizing microscope differs from a regular microscope in that it has two polarizers - the polarizer and the analyzer. The analyzer is used to recognize the optical properties of a salt by the change of the linearly polarized light due to the salt.

Micro-chemical testing[edit]

Micro-chemical testing allows to identify salts in very small samples. The micro-chemical salt analysis is based on the detection of individual ions in more or less concentrated aqueous solutions. The salts are identified via the reaction products that can be observed with a microscope at magnifications up to 100 times. The method can be used on site.

Instrumental Analysis[edit]

X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)[edit]

Atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS)[edit]

Inductive coupled plasma (ICP)[edit]

Ion chromatography (IC)[edit]

Photometry[edit]

IR - Spectroscopy[edit]

Raman - Spectroscopy[edit]

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)[edit]

Other Methods[edit]

Literature[edit]

Weblinks[edit]

the mathematical difference between the largest and smallest refractive index for an anisotropic mineral

Scanning Electron Microscope

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