Salt Data: Difference between revisions
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=== Sulfates === | === Sulfates === | ||
Sulfates are compounds with the divalent anion [SO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2-</sup>. The sulfate anion is formed in nature by the oxidation of sulfur or sulfur compounds, particularly sulphides. In many cases, microorganisms (e.g., thio - or sulfur bacteria) are involved in this process. A large proportion of atmospheric sulfate and their precursors (e.g., sulfur dioxide SO <sub>2</sub>) is anthropogenic and is produced by combustion processes. The relatively large [SO<sub>4</sub>] - complex tends to form stable compounds mainly with large divalent cations such as barium (probably one of the most insoluble compounds considering that Ba<sup>++</sup>)is toxic but barium sulfate suspensions are given to patients that need X-rays of their intestinal tract | Sulfates are compounds with the divalent anion [SO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2-</sup>. The sulfate anion is formed in nature by the oxidation of sulfur or sulfur compounds, particularly sulphides. In many cases, microorganisms (e.g., thio - or sulfur bacteria) are involved in this process. A large proportion of atmospheric sulfate and their precursors (e.g., sulfur dioxide SO <sub>2</sub>) is anthropogenic and is produced by combustion processes. The relatively large [SO<sub>4</sub>] - complex tends to form stable compounds mainly with large divalent cations such as barium (probably one of the most insoluble compounds considering that Ba<sup>++</sup>)is toxic but barium sulfate suspensions are given to patients that need X-rays of their intestinal tract). The smaller the cations are, the more unstable are the sulfates, and the more they are forced to stabilize themselves by addition or incorporation of H<sub>2</sub>O. Therefore, most sulfates, especially those with mono- or tri-valent elements contain water or have additional anions, such as [OH]. For the case of building materials, most sulfates encountered have a number of common characteristics: they are colorless; their optical birefringence is usually lower than for the case of carbonates and nitrates; and, a very large number of its complex salts are slightly to very soluble in water (THIS DOES NOT MAKE SENSE TO ME). | ||
to the [[Sulfate|Sulfates]] | to the [[Sulfate|Sulfates]] | ||
Revision as of 16:37, 31 December 2014
Author:Hans-Jürgen Schwarz
back to SaltWiki:Portal
Abstract[edit]
All necessary data, graphics and images for the identification and characterization of a salt are presented. The structure of the salt systems is subject to the major anions.
The Salts[edit]
Here you will find a general overview of the salts. If you need detail information, please go to the pages of the individual salts. Recent reviews on salt and salt damage can be found at [Leitner.etal:2003]Title: Mauersalze und Architekturoberflächen
and [Steiger.etal:2007]Title: Special issue on salt decay
Carbonates[edit]
Carbonates are salts of the "carbonic acid"(H 2 CO 3 ). The main structural element is the planar complex anion [CO 3 ] 2 - . The carbonates have a number of characteristics that distinguish them well from other minerals / salts. The most important characteristic is that they all decompose more or less easily under CO 2 when treated with acids. The alkali and alkali earth carbonate salts are colourless. Most of the other carbonates are usually coloured pale, only the heavy metal carbonates can show strong colours (such as azurite, (Cu3CO2((OH)2. Noteworthy is the extremely high birefringence of the carbonates, which leads to higher order interference colors. Under thermal treatment the carbonates dissociate mostly at temperatures between 500-900 °C. The solubility in water is relatively good, especially in carbonated water.
to Carbonates
Nitrates[edit]
Biogenic reactions are a major source for nitrates (having the [NO3] - ion) produced by bacteria which process nitrogen-containing raw materials, such as animal waste, manure and other organic substances. Nearly all nitrates are water-soluble. The nitrates have remarkable structural similarities with carbonates; characteristic is the isomorphy (same crystal structure) between nitronatrite/calcite and aragonite/niter.
to the Nitrates
Sulfates[edit]
Sulfates are compounds with the divalent anion [SO4]2-. The sulfate anion is formed in nature by the oxidation of sulfur or sulfur compounds, particularly sulphides. In many cases, microorganisms (e.g., thio - or sulfur bacteria) are involved in this process. A large proportion of atmospheric sulfate and their precursors (e.g., sulfur dioxide SO 2) is anthropogenic and is produced by combustion processes. The relatively large [SO4] - complex tends to form stable compounds mainly with large divalent cations such as barium (probably one of the most insoluble compounds considering that Ba++)is toxic but barium sulfate suspensions are given to patients that need X-rays of their intestinal tract). The smaller the cations are, the more unstable are the sulfates, and the more they are forced to stabilize themselves by addition or incorporation of H2O. Therefore, most sulfates, especially those with mono- or tri-valent elements contain water or have additional anions, such as [OH]. For the case of building materials, most sulfates encountered have a number of common characteristics: they are colorless; their optical birefringence is usually lower than for the case of carbonates and nitrates; and, a very large number of its complex salts are slightly to very soluble in water (THIS DOES NOT MAKE SENSE TO ME).
to the Sulfates
Chlorides[edit]
The chlorides of the alkali and alkaline earth metals are all pronounced ionare compounds. Since the cations have a low charge and a relatively large ionic radius, their polarizing effect is small on the chloride ions. The result is that these minerals are usually colorless and transparent. Other common features are the low refractive index and low density. The chlorides, especially those of the alkalis are very soluble in water. In contrast, the fluorides are sparingly soluble. This is due to the relatively small size of the fluoride ion (1.33 Å), and thus due to other types of coordination of the fluoride in the crystal lattice.
to the Chlorides
More inorganic Salts[edit]
to the other inorganic salts
Salts with "organic" anions[edit]
Salts with organic acid residue anions play in very specific areas a greater role. These are, especially the acetates, which may be in museum showcases a major damaging factor.
to the salts with "organic" anions
Metal Salts[edit]
Metallsalze der Übergangsmetalle verursachen aufgrund ihrer Farbigkeit oft eine Verfärbung an Baumaterialien. Ihr wichtigtsen Vorkommen sind jedoch metallische Bauteile, Skulpturen, etc., die aufgrund der Umweltbelastung und durch Reaktion mit in der Atmosphäre enthaltenene Reagenzien zu Salzen führen können. Oft handelt es sich dabei um Carbonate oder Sulfate.
Literature[edit]
| [Leitner.etal:2003] | Leitner, Heinz; Laue, Steffen; Siedel, Heiner (eds.) (2003): Mauersalze und Architekturoberflächen, Hochschule für Bildende Künste, Dresden | |
| [Steiger.etal:2007] | Steiger, Michael; Siegesmund, Siegfried (eds.) (2007): Special issue on salt decay, Springer Verlag, Url, 10.1007/s00254-006-0591-8 | |